Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr, Cairo 11231, Egypt.
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr, Cairo 11231, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt.
Pathol Res Pract. 2023 Dec;252:154949. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154949. Epub 2023 Nov 18.
Oral cancer (OC) is the predominant type originating in the head and neck region. The incidence of OC is mostly associated with behavioral risk factors, including tobacco smoking and excessive alcohol intake. Additionally, there is a lower but still significant association with viral infections such as human papillomaviruses and Epstein-Barr viruses. Furthermore, it has been observed that heritable genetic variables are linked to the risk of OC, in addition to the previously mentioned acquired risk factors. The current absence of biomarkers for OC diagnosis contributes to the frequent occurrence of advanced-stage diagnoses among patients. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, have been observed to exert a significant effect on the transcriptional control of target genes involved in cancer, either through direct or indirect mechanisms. miRNAs are a class of short ncRNAs that play a role in regulating gene expression by enabling mRNA degradation or translational repression at the post-transcriptional phase. miRNAs are known to play a fundamental role in the development of cancer and the regulation of oncogenic cell processes. Notch signaling, PTEN/Akt/mTOR axis, KRAS mutation, JAK/STAT signaling, P53, EGFR, and the VEGFs have all been linked to OC, and miRNAs have been shown to have a role in all of these. The dysregulation of miRNA has been identified in cases of OC and is linked with prognosis.
口腔癌（OC）是原发于头颈部的主要类型。OC 的发病率主要与行为危险因素相关，包括吸烟和过量饮酒。此外，与人类乳头瘤病毒和 Epstein-Barr 病毒等病毒感染也存在较低但仍显著的关联。此外，已经观察到遗传变异与 OC 的风险相关，除了之前提到的获得性风险因素。目前 OC 诊断的生物标志物缺乏导致患者经常出现晚期诊断。非编码 RNA（ncRNA），包括 microRNAs（miRNAs）、长非编码 RNA 和环状 RNA，被观察到通过直接或间接机制对涉及癌症的靶基因的转录控制产生显著影响。miRNAs 是一类短 ncRNA，通过在转录后阶段促进 mRNA 降解或翻译抑制，在调节基因表达中发挥作用。miRNAs 已知在癌症的发生发展和致癌细胞过程的调控中发挥着重要作用。Notch 信号通路、PTEN/Akt/mTOR 轴、KRAS 突变、JAK/STAT 信号通路、P53、EGFR 和 VEGFs 均与 OC 相关，而 miRNAs 在所有这些通路中都发挥作用。OC 中存在 miRNA 的失调，与预后相关。
