Cabiati Manuela, Federico Giovanni, Del Ry Silvia
Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy.
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
Biomedicines. 2024 Sep 2;12(9):1988. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12091988.
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) mellitus is a chronic illness in children and teens, with rising global incidence rates. It stems from an autoimmune attack on pancreatic β cells, leading to insufficient insulin production. Genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers initiate this process. Early detection is possible by identifying multiple autoantibodies, which aids in predicting future T1D development. A new staging system highlights T1D's onset with islet autoimmunity rather than symptoms. Family members of T1D patients face a significantly increased risk of T1D. Italy recently passed a law mandating national T1D screening for pediatric populations. Measurements of β cell function continue to be essential in assessing efficacy, and different models have been proposed, but more appropriate biomarkers are mandatory for both progression studies before the onset of diabetes and during therapeutic monitoring. Biomarkers like microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) play key roles in T1D pathogenesis by regulating gene expression. Understanding their roles offers insights into T1D mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarized recent progress in the roles of some non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the pathogenesis of T1D, with particular attention to miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs.
1型糖尿病（T1D）是一种发生于儿童和青少年的慢性疾病，全球发病率呈上升趋势。它源于对胰腺β细胞的自身免疫攻击，导致胰岛素分泌不足。遗传易感性和环境触发因素引发了这一过程。通过检测多种自身抗体可以实现早期诊断，这有助于预测未来T1D的发展。一种新的分期系统强调T1D始于胰岛自身免疫而非症状。T1D患者的家庭成员患T1D的风险显著增加。意大利最近通过了一项法律，要求对儿童群体进行全国性T1D筛查。β细胞功能的检测在评估疗效方面仍然至关重要，并且已经提出了不同的模型，但对于糖尿病发病前的进展研究以及治疗监测期间而言，都需要更合适的生物标志物。微小RNA（miRNA）、长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）和环状RNA（circRNA）等生物标志物通过调节基因表达在T1D发病机制中发挥关键作用。了解它们的作用有助于深入了解T1D的发病机制和潜在治疗靶点。在本综述中，我们总结了一些非编码RNA（ncRNA）在T1D发病机制中的作用的最新进展，尤其关注了miRNA、lncRNA和circRNA。
