Shakya Rupendra, Sivakumar Ponnurengam Malliappan, Prabhakar Pranav Kumar
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Panjab, 144001, India.
School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.
Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2025 Jan 8. doi: 10.2174/0118715303342579241119155225.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and poses significant global health challenges. Conventional treatments, such as insulin therapy and lifestyle modifications, have shown limited efficacy in addressing the multifactorial nature of DM. Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota, a diverse community of microorganisms critical for metabolism and immune function, plays a pivotal role in metabolic health. Dysbiosis, an imbalance in gut microbiota composition, has been linked to insulin resistance, obesity, and DM. Gut microbiota influences glucose metabolism through mechanisms, including short-chain fatty acid production, gut permeability regulation, and immune system interactions, indicating a bidirectional relationship between microbial health and metabolism. Clinical and experimental studies demonstrate that modulating gut microbiota through dietary interventions (prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics) improves glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in DM patients. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) has also shown promise in restoring healthy gut microbiota and alleviating DM-related metabolic disturbances. However, challenges remain, including the need for personalized treatments due to individual microbiota variability and the unknown long-term effects of these interventions. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms by which gut microbiota influences metabolism and refining personalized approaches to enhance DM management.
糖尿病（DM）是一种以慢性高血糖为特征的复杂代谢紊乱疾病，对全球健康构成重大挑战。传统治疗方法，如胰岛素治疗和生活方式改变，在应对糖尿病的多因素性质方面疗效有限。新出现的证据表明，肠道微生物群是对代谢和免疫功能至关重要的多种微生物群落，在代谢健康中起着关键作用。肠道微生物群失调，即肠道微生物群组成失衡，与胰岛素抵抗、肥胖和糖尿病有关。肠道微生物群通过包括短链脂肪酸产生、肠道通透性调节和免疫系统相互作用等机制影响葡萄糖代谢，表明微生物健康与代谢之间存在双向关系。临床和实验研究表明，通过饮食干预（益生元、益生菌、合生元）调节肠道微生物群可改善糖尿病患者的血糖控制和胰岛素敏感性。粪便微生物群移植（FMT）在恢复健康肠道微生物群和减轻糖尿病相关代谢紊乱方面也显示出前景。然而，挑战依然存在，包括由于个体微生物群差异需要个性化治疗以及这些干预措施的长期影响尚不清楚。未来的研究应侧重于阐明肠道微生物群影响代谢的机制，并完善个性化方法以加强糖尿病管理。
