Trehan A, Ali A
Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India.
Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1998 Jul;24(7):589-97. doi: 10.3109/03639049809082359.
Insulin remains indispensable in the management of diabetes mellitus since its discovery in 1921. The foreignness of early available porcine and bovine insulin led to the development of human insulin by transpeptidation and biosynthesis in microorganisms. Needle phobia and stress of multiple daily injections led to the investigation and exploitation of all promising routes, ranging from nasal to rectal, by a wide variety of devices and delivery systems. This article describes the development of human insulin, various routes for delivery of insulin (including oral, nasal, buccal, rectal, and pulmonary), and various devices for regulated, safe, and convenient insulin delivery. The article reviews some recent advances in insulin delivery such as the bioresponsive and self-regulated insulin delivery system.
自1921年胰岛素被发现以来，它在糖尿病管理中仍然不可或缺。早期可得的猪胰岛素和牛胰岛素具有异源性，这促使人们通过转肽作用和微生物生物合成来开发人胰岛素。对针头的恐惧和每日多次注射带来的压力促使人们通过各种各样的装置和给药系统对从鼻腔到直肠等所有有前景的给药途径进行研究和开发。本文描述了人胰岛素的发展、胰岛素的各种给药途径（包括口服、鼻腔、口腔、直肠和肺部给药）以及用于实现胰岛素定时、安全和便捷给药的各种装置。本文还综述了胰岛素给药方面的一些最新进展，如生物响应性和自我调节胰岛素给药系统。
