Medicare fraud and abuse: implications for physicians.

Since the inception of the Prospective Payment System, the physician fee freeze, and other cost-cutting measures, physicians have been approached with many income-generating opportunities relating to their practices. Unfortunately, many of these opportunities also present potential criminal and civil liability under federal Medicare anti-fraud and abuse provisions. The recent passage of the Medicare and Medicaid Program Patient Protection Act of 1987 has updated federal anti-fraud and abuse laws and expanded the sanctions which may be imposed on physicians. This article describes the types of activities prohibited by federal laws and discusses the operation of these laws in light of common joint venture, incentive, and contract arrangements frequently seen in medical practice.