Glucose-regulated stresses cause degradation of DNA topoisomerase IIalpha by inducing nuclear proteasome during G1 cell cycle arrest in cancer cells.

The glucose-regulated stress response of cancer cells leads to a decreased expression of DNA topoisomerase IIalpha (topo IIalpha) and a cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. In this study, we found that the topo IIalpha decrease occurred specifically during the G1 arrest in human colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells. The intracelluar level of topo IIalpha in HT-29 cells was relatively constant regardless of cell cycle position in the exponentially growing state, determined using a centrifugal elutriation technique and synchronizing the cells with a mitotic inhibitor nocodazole. Interestingly, when the cell cycle was arrested in the M phase by nocodazole, the topo IIalpha level remained high even in stressed cells. After the stressed cells were released from the M phase, topo IIalpha steeply decreased along with cell cycle progression followed by the next G1 arrest. This decrease in nuclear topo IIalpha protein was completely inhibited by selective inhibitors for proteasome. Furthermore, we found that proteasome activity was elevated three to fourfold in the nuclear extract of stressed cells over unstressed cells. Accordingly, there were increased amounts of nuclear proteasome subunits, although total intracellular content of the subunits did not change in stressed cells. These findings indicate that the expression of topo IIalpha in stressed cells is downregulated at the G1 phase by proteasome-mediated degradation and that the proteolysis of topo IIalpha can be facilitated by the nuclear accumulation of proteasome.