Nagy K A, Girard I A, Brown T K
Department of Organismic Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1606, USA.
Annu Rev Nutr. 1999;19:247-77. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.247.
We summarize the recent information on field metabolic rates (FMR) of wild terrestrial vertebrates as determined by the doubly labeled water technique. Allometric (scaling) relationships are calculated for mammals (79 species), reptiles (55 species), and birds (95 species) and for various taxonomic, dietary, and habitat groups within these categories. Exponential equations based on body mass are offered for predicting rates of daily energy expenditure and daily food requirements of free-ranging mammals, reptiles, and birds. Significant scaling differences between various taxa, dietary, and habitat groups (detected by analysis of covariance with P < or = 0.05) include the following: (a) The allometric slope for reptiles (0.889) is greater than that for mammals (0.734), which is greater than that for birds (0.681); (b) the slope for eutherian mammals (0.772) is greater than that for marsupial mammals (0.590); (c) among families of birds, slopes do not differ but elevations (intercepts) do, with passerine and procellariid birds having relatively high FMRs and gallinaceous birds having low FMRs; (d) Scleroglossan lizards have a higher slope (0.949) than do Iguanian lizards (0.793); (e) desert mammals have a higher slope (0.785) than do nondesert mammals; (f) marine birds have relatively high FMRs and desert birds have low FMRs; and (g) carnivorous mammals have a relatively high slope and carnivorous, insectivorous, and nectarivorous birds have relatively higher FMRs than do omnivores and granivores. The difference detected between passerine and nonpasserine birds reported in earlier reviews is not evident in the larger data set analyzed here. When the results are adjusted for phylogenetic effects using independent contrasts analysis, the difference between allometric slopes for marsupials and eutherians is no longer significant and the slope difference between Scleroglossan and Iguanian lizards disappears as well, but other taxonomic differences remain significant. Possible causes of the unexplained variations in FMR that could improve our currently inaccurate FMR prediction capabilities should be evaluated, including many important groups of terrestrial vertebrates that remain under- or unstudied and such factors as reproductive, thermoregulatory, social, and predator-avoidance behavior.
我们总结了通过双标记水技术测定的野生陆生脊椎动物的野外代谢率（FMR）的最新信息。计算了哺乳动物（79种）、爬行动物（55种）和鸟类（95种）以及这些类别中不同分类、饮食和栖息地群体的异速生长（标度）关系。给出了基于体重的指数方程，用于预测自由放养的哺乳动物、爬行动物和鸟类的每日能量消耗率和每日食物需求量。通过协方差分析（P≤0.05）检测到的不同分类群、饮食和栖息地群体之间的显著标度差异包括：（a）爬行动物的异速生长斜率（0.889）大于哺乳动物（0.734），哺乳动物大于鸟类（0.681）；（b）真兽类哺乳动物的斜率（0.772）大于有袋类哺乳动物（0.590）；（c）在鸟类的科中，斜率没有差异，但截距有差异，雀形目和鹱形目鸟类的FMR相对较高，而鸡形目鸟类的FMR较低；（d）硬舌亚目蜥蜴的斜率（0.949）高于鬣蜥亚目蜥蜴（0.793）；（e）沙漠哺乳动物的斜率（0.785）高于非沙漠哺乳动物；（f）海鸟的FMR相对较高，沙漠鸟类的FMR较低；（g）肉食性哺乳动物的斜率相对较高，肉食性、食虫性和食蜜性鸟类的FMR比杂食性和食谷性鸟类相对更高。早期综述中报道的雀形目和非雀形目鸟类之间的差异在本文分析的更大数据集中并不明显。当使用独立对比分析对系统发育效应进行校正后，有袋类和真兽类的异速生长斜率差异不再显著，硬舌亚目和鬣蜥亚目蜥蜴之间的斜率差异也消失了，但其他分类差异仍然显著。应评估FMR中无法解释的变化的可能原因，这些原因可能会提高我们目前不准确的FMR预测能力，包括许多仍未得到充分研究或未被研究的重要陆生脊椎动物群体，以及生殖、体温调节、社会和避敌行为等因素。
