The mevalonate/isoprenoid pathway inhibitor apomine (SR-45023A) is antiproliferative and induces apoptosis similar to farnesol.

Apomine (SR-45023A) is a new antineoplastic compound which is currently in clinical trials and representative of the family of cholesterol synthesis inhibitors 1,1-bisphosphonate esters. Apomine inhibits growth of a wide variety of tumor cell lines with IC(50) values ranging from 5 to 14 microM. The antiproliferative activity of apomine was studied in comparison with that of other inhibitors of the mevalonate/isoprenoid pathway of cholesterol synthesis, simvastatin, farnesol, and 25-hydroxycholesterol. All these compounds inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity. Apomine (IC(50) = 14 microM), simvastatin (IC(50) = 3 microM), farnesol (IC(50) = 60 microM), and 25-hydroxycholesterol (IC(50) = 2 microM) inhibited HL60 cell growth. Growth inhibition due to simvastatin was reverted by mevalonate, whereas the antiproliferative activity of apomine, farnesol, and 25-hydroxycholesterol was not. Apomine triggered apoptosis in HL60 cells in less than 2 h. Apomine and farnesol induced caspase-3 activity at concentrations similar to their IC(50) values for cell proliferation, whereas a 10-fold excess of simvastatin was necessary to trigger apoptosis compared to its potency on proliferation. Caspase-3 activity was not induced by 25-hydroxycholesterol. The overall similar profile on mevalonate synthesis inhibition, cell growth inhibition, and apoptosis suggests that apomine acts as a synthetic mimetic of farnesol.