Parrott A C, Sisk E, Turner J J
Department of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2000 Jul 1;60(1):105-10. doi: 10.1016/s0376-8716(99)00146-5.
Twelve heavy recreational ecstasy drug users (30-1000 occasions), 16 light ecstasy users (1-20 occasions) and 22 non ecstasy user controls, with group mean ages around 21 years, were compared. Three self-rating questionnaires were completed when drug-free: the SCL-90 (an outpatient psychiatric symptom checklist), the impulsiveness venturesomeness and empathy (IVE) scale; and the uplifts, hassles, stresses and cognitive failures questionnaire. Heavy Ecstasy users reported significantly higher scores than controls on the following SCL-90 factors: paranoid ideation, psychoticism, somatisation, obsessionality, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, altered appetite and restless sleep, together with greater IVE impulsiveness. Light ecstasy users generally produced intermediate scores, with significantly higher scores than controls on two factors and significantly lower scores than heavy ecstasy users on another two. Previous reports have described various psychiatric and psychobiological disorders in recreational ecstasy users, but it is not known how typical they are, being mainly based on individual case studies. This is the first study to describe psychological problems in a non clinical sample of young recreational ecstasy users. However, our ecstasy users were polydrug users, with both groups showing significantly greater usage of amphetamine, LSD and cocaine, than the controls. These other illicit drugs probably contributed to their adverse psychobiological profiles, while there is also the possibility of pre-existing differences between ecstasy users and non users. However, since repeated MDMA can cause serotonergic neurotoxicity in laboratory animals and man, these problems may reflect reduced serotonin activity induced by regular ecstasy use.
研究比较了12名重度摇头丸娱乐性使用者（使用次数为30 - 1000次）、16名轻度摇头丸使用者（使用次数为1 - 20次）以及22名非摇头丸使用者对照组，三组人群的平均年龄均在21岁左右。在未使用毒品时，所有受试者完成了三份自评问卷：症状自评量表90项（SCL - 90，一种门诊精神症状清单）、冲动冒险与共情（IVE）量表以及提升感、困扰、压力和认知失误问卷。重度摇头丸使用者在SCL - 90量表的以下因子上得分显著高于对照组：偏执观念、精神病症、躯体化、强迫观念、焦虑、敌对、恐惧焦虑、食欲改变和睡眠不安，同时IVE冲动性得分更高。轻度摇头丸使用者的得分通常处于中间水平，在两个因子上得分显著高于对照组，在另外两个因子上得分显著低于重度摇头丸使用者。以往的报告描述了娱乐性摇头丸使用者的各种精神和心理生物学障碍，但由于主要基于个案研究，尚不清楚这些障碍的普遍性如何。这是第一项描述年轻娱乐性摇头丸使用者非临床样本中心理问题的研究。然而，我们研究中的摇头丸使用者存在多药滥用情况，两组的苯丙胺、麦角酸二乙酰胺（LSD）和可卡因的使用量均显著高于对照组。这些其他非法药物可能导致了他们不良的心理生物学特征，同时摇头丸使用者和非使用者之间也可能原本就存在差异。然而，由于反复使用3,4－亚甲基二氧甲基苯丙胺（MDMA）会在实验动物和人类中导致血清素能神经毒性，这些问题可能反映了长期使用摇头丸导致的血清素活性降低。
