Harrison J F, Roberts S P
Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-1501, USA.
Annu Rev Physiol. 2000;62:179-205. doi: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.179.
We use a comparative approach to examine some of the physiological traits that make flight possible. Comparisons of related fliers and runners suggest that fliers generally have higher aerobic metabolic capacities than runners but that the difference is highly dependent on the taxa studied. The high metabolic rates of fliers relative to runners, especially in insects, are correlated with high locomotory muscle cycle frequencies and low efficiencies of conversion of metabolic power to mechanical power. We examine some factors that produce variation in flight respiration and energetics. Air temperature strongly affects the flight metabolic rate of some insects and birds. Flight speed interacts with flier mass, so that small fliers tend to exhibit a J-shaped power curve and larger fliers a U-shaped power curve. As body size increases, mass-specific aerobic flight metabolism decreases in most studies, but mass-specific power output is constant or increases, leading to an increase in efficiency with size. Intraspecific studies have revealed specific genetically based effects on flight metabolism and power output and multiple ecological correlates of flight capabilities.
我们采用比较方法来研究一些使飞行成为可能的生理特征。对相关飞行者和奔跑者的比较表明，飞行者的有氧代谢能力通常高于奔跑者，但这种差异高度依赖于所研究的分类群。相对于奔跑者，飞行者的高代谢率，尤其是在昆虫中，与高运动肌肉循环频率以及代谢功率向机械功率转换的低效率相关。我们研究了一些导致飞行呼吸和能量学产生变化的因素。气温强烈影响一些昆虫和鸟类的飞行代谢率。飞行速度与飞行者体重相互作用，因此小型飞行者往往呈现J形功率曲线，而大型飞行者呈现U形功率曲线。在大多数研究中，随着体型增大，特定质量的有氧飞行代谢降低，但特定质量的功率输出保持不变或增加，导致效率随体型增加。种内研究揭示了对飞行代谢和功率输出的特定遗传效应以及飞行能力的多种生态关联。
