Darwin C J, Hukin R W
Experimental Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.
J Acoust Soc Am. 2000 Jul;108(1):335-42. doi: 10.1121/1.429468.
Three experiments explored the resistance to simulated reverberation of various cues for selective attention. Listeners decided which of two simultaneous target words belonged to an attended rather than to a simultaneous unattended sentence. Attended and unattended sentences were spatially separated using interaural time differences (ITDs) of 0, +/-45, +/-91 or +/-181 micros. Experiment 1 used sentences resynthesized on a monotone, with sentence pairs having F0 differences of 0, 1, 2, or 4 semitones. Listeners' weak preference for the target word with the same monotonous F0 as the attended sentence was eliminated by reverberation. Experiment 1 also showed that listeners' ability to use ITD differences was seriously impaired by reverberation although some ability remained for the longest ITD tested. In experiment 2 the sentences were spoken with natural prosody, with sentence stress in different places in the attended and unattended sentences. The overall F0 of each sentence was shifted by a constant amount on a log scale to bring the F0 trajectories of the target words either closer together or further apart. These prosodic manipulations were generally more resistant to reverberation than were the ITD differences. In experiment 3, adding a large difference in vocal-tract size (+/- 15%) to the prosodic cues produced a high level of performance which was very resistant to reverberation. The experiments show that the natural prosody and vocal-tract size differences between talkers that were used retain their efficacy in helping selective attention under conditions of reverberation better than do interaural time differences.
三项实验探究了各种选择性注意线索对模拟混响的抗性。听众要判断两个同时出现的目标词中哪一个属于被关注的句子,而不是同时出现的未被关注的句子。使用0、±45、±91或±181微秒的耳间时间差(ITD)在空间上分离被关注和未被关注的句子。实验1使用在单调音调上重新合成的句子,句子对的F0差异为0、1、2或4个半音。混响消除了听众对与被关注句子具有相同单调F0的目标词的微弱偏好。实验1还表明,尽管对于所测试的最长ITD仍保留了一些能力,但混响严重损害了听众使用ITD差异的能力。在实验2中,句子以自然韵律说出,被关注和未被关注句子中的句子重音位置不同。每个句子的总体F0在对数尺度上以恒定幅度偏移,以使目标词的F0轨迹更接近或更远。这些韵律操作通常比ITD差异更能抵抗混响。在实验3中,在韵律线索中加入较大的声道尺寸差异(±15%)产生了高水平的表现,并且对混响具有很强的抗性。实验表明,说话者之间的自然韵律和声道尺寸差异在混响条件下比耳间时间差异更能有效地帮助选择性注意。