Leptin: a possible link between food intake, energy expenditure, and reproductive function.

Several regulatory substances participate in the regulation of both food intake/energy metabolism and reproduction in mammals. Most of these neuropeptides originate and act in the central nervous system, mainly at specific hypothalamic areas. Leptin represents a signal integrating all these functions, but originating from the periphery (adipose tissue) and carrying information mainly to central structures. Observations in rodent models of leptin deficiency have suggested that leptin participates in the control of reproduction, in conjunction with that of food intake and energy expenditure. Indeed, leptin administration resulted in the restoration of normal body weight, food intake, and fertility in the ob mouse, lacking circulating leptin. Specific targets of leptin in the hypothalamus are neurons expressing neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone, but the presence of leptin receptors in peripheral reproductive structures suggests that leptin might also act at these sites. Human obesity is often associated with reproductive disturbances. The situation in humans is more complex than in the animal models of leptin deficit and the presence of leptin resistance in these subjects is suggested. In conclusion, leptin fits many requirements for a molecule linking the regulation of energy balance and the control of reproduction.