Follett P A, Lower R A
US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
J Econ Entomol. 2000 Dec;93(6):1848-54. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493-93.6.1848.
Studies were undertaken to determine whether irradiation treatment at 250 Gy, an accepted treatment for disinfestation of fruit flies in spindaceous fruits from Hawaii, would also disinfest fruit of two species of Cryptophlebia. Cryptophlebia illepida (Butler) was determined to be more tolerant of irradiation than Cryptophlebia ombrodelta (Lower); therefore, C. illepida was the focus for detailed tests. Using the criterion of success in developing to the adult stage, the pattern of tolerance to irradiation in C. illepida was generally eggs < early instars < late instars < pupae. The most tolerant stage potentially occurring in harvested fruits was late (fourth and fifth) instars. Development to adult was reduced slightly in late instars receiving an irradiation dose of 62.5 Gy, whereas development to adult was dramatically reduced in late instars receiving irradiation doses > or = 125 Gy. No C. illepida larvae receiving an irradiation dose > or = 125 Gy emerged as adults and produced viable eggs, indicating sterility can be achieved at doses well below 250 Gy. In large scale tests, when 11,256 late instars were irradiated with a target dose of 250 Gy, 951 pupated (8.4%) and none eclosed as adults. Within the pupal stage, tolerance increased with age; 7- to 8-d-old pupae (the oldest pupae tested) treated with an irradiation dose of 125 Gy produced viable offspring, whereas those treated with a dose of 250 Gy produced no viable offspring. Irradiation of adults with a target dose of 250 Gy before pairing and mating resulted in no viable eggs. Irradiation of actively ovipositing adult females resulted in no subsequent viable eggs. Therefore, the irradiation quarantine treatment of a minimum absorbed dose of 250 Gy approved for Hawaii's fruits will effectively disinfest fruits of any Cryptophlebia in addition to fruit flies.
开展了多项研究，以确定250戈瑞的辐照处理（这是夏威夷处理藜科水果中果蝇灭虫的一种公认处理方法）是否也能对两种Cryptophlebia属的果实进行灭虫处理。已确定，与Cryptophlebia ombrodelta（Lower）相比，Cryptophlebia illepida（Butler）对辐照的耐受性更强；因此，C. illepida是详细测试的重点对象。以发育至成虫阶段作为成功标准，C. illepida对辐照的耐受模式一般为：卵＜低龄幼虫＜高龄幼虫＜蛹。收获果实中可能出现的最耐受阶段是高龄（第四和第五）幼虫。接受62.5戈瑞辐照剂量的高龄幼虫发育至成虫略有减少，而接受辐照剂量≥125戈瑞的高龄幼虫发育至成虫则显著减少。没有接受辐照剂量≥125戈瑞的C. illepida幼虫羽化为成虫并产出有活力的卵，这表明在远低于250戈瑞的剂量下即可实现不育。在大规模测试中，当11256只高龄幼虫接受250戈瑞的目标剂量辐照时，951只化蛹（8.4%），但无一羽化为成虫。在蛹期内，耐受性随年龄增长而增强；接受125戈瑞辐照剂量处理的7至8日龄蛹（测试的最老蛹）产出了有活力的后代，而接受250戈瑞剂量处理的蛹则未产出有活力的后代。在配对和交配前对成虫进行250戈瑞的目标剂量辐照，未产生有活力的卵。对正在积极产卵的成年雌虫进行辐照，也未产生后续有活力的卵。因此，夏威夷水果批准的最低吸收剂量250戈瑞的辐照检疫处理，除果蝇外，还将有效杀灭任何Cryptophlebia属的水果害虫。
