Cryopreservation of spermatozoa in cyprinid fishes.

The present study investigated semen cryopreservation in cyprinid fish using computer-assisted sperm motility analysis for viability control. Spermatozoa of the bleak, Chalcalbumus chalcoides, were used as a basic model to describe the toxic and cryoprotective effects of internal and external cryoprotectants, their most effective concentrations and combinations, the freezing and thawing conditions, and the effects of equilibration. We also used these data to develop a cryopreservation protocol for Barbus barbus, Chondrostoma nasus, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus cario, Hypohtalmichthys molitrix, Leuciscus cephalus, Rutilus meidingerii, and Vimba vimba. For all investigated species the optimal extender composition was a buffered physiological sperm motility-inhibiting saline solution containing 10% DMSO and 0.5% glycin. The optimal sperm equilibration period in the extender was < or = 5 min. Freezing was performed in an insulated box in liquid nitrogen vapor and it was optimal at 4 to 5 cm above the surface of the liquid, depending on the species. Thawing was optimal in a 25 degrees C water bath whereby the thawing time ranged depending on species from 15 to 45 sec. This cryopreservation protocol resulted in frozen-thawed semen with 35 to 65% motile and 5 to 25% locally motile spermatozoa depending on the quality of fresh semen.