Noninvasive methods for quantitative assessment of transfusional iron overload in sickle cell disease.

Because optimal management of iron chelation therapy in patients with sickle cell disease and transfusional iron overload requires accurate determination of the magnitude of iron excess, a variety of techniques for evaluating iron overload are under development, including measurement of serum ferritin iron levels, x-ray fluorescence of iron, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and measurement of magnetic susceptibility. The most promising methods for noninvasive assessment of body iron stores in patients with sickle cell anemia and transfusional iron overload are based on measurement of hepatic magnetic susceptibility, either using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) susceptometry or, potentially, magnetic resonance susceptometry.