Cicogna P C, Bosinelli M
Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat, 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
Conscious Cogn. 2001 Mar;10(1):26-41. doi: 10.1006/ccog.2000.0471.
Two aspects of consciousness are first considered: consciousness as awareness (phenomenological meaning) and consciousness as strategic control (functional meaning). As to awareness, three types can be distinguished: first, awareness as the phenomenal experiences of objects and events; second, awareness as meta-awareness, i.e., the awareness of mental life itself; third, awareness as self-awareness, i.e., the awareness of being oneself. While phenomenal experience and self-awareness are usually present during dreaming (even if many modifications are possible), meta-awareness is usually absent (apart from some particular experiences of self-reflectiveness) with the major exception of lucid dreaming. Consciousness as strategic control may also be present in dreams. The functioning of consciousness is then analyzed, following a cognitive model of dream production. In such a model, the dream is supposed to be the product of the interaction of three components: (a) the bottom-up activation of mnemonic elements coming from LTM systems, (b) interpretative and elaborative top-down processes, and (c) monitoring of phenomenal experience. A feedback circulation is activated among the components, where the top-down interpretative organization and the conscious monitoring of the oneiric scene elicitates other mnemonic contents, according to the requirements of the dream plot. This dream productive activity is submitted to unconscious and conscious processes.
作为觉知的意识（现象学意义）和作为策略控制的意识（功能意义）。关于觉知，可以区分出三种类型：第一，作为对对象和事件的现象学体验的觉知；第二，作为元觉知，即对心理生活本身的觉知；第三，作为自我觉知，即对作为自身的觉知。虽然现象学体验和自我觉知在做梦期间通常存在（即使可能有许多变化），但元觉知通常不存在（除了一些特殊的自我反思体验），清醒梦是主要的例外。作为策略控制的意识在梦中也可能存在。然后，按照梦产生的认知模型来分析意识的功能。在这样一个模型中，梦被认为是三个成分相互作用的产物：（a）来自长时记忆系统的记忆元素的自下而上的激活，（b）解释性和精细化的自上而下的过程，以及（c）对现象学体验的监测。各成分之间激活了一个反馈循环，其中自上而下的解释性组织和对梦境场景的意识监测根据梦的情节要求引出其他记忆内容。这种梦的产生活动受制于无意识和有意识的过程。
