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扩展分布范围边缘的生态与进化过程。

Ecological and evolutionary processes at expanding range margins.

作者信息

Thomas C D, Bodsworth E J, Wilson R J, Simmons A D, Davies Z G, Musche M, Conradt L

机构信息

Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.

出版信息

Nature. 2001 May 31;411(6837):577-81. doi: 10.1038/35079066.

Abstract

Many animals are regarded as relatively sedentary and specialized in marginal parts of their geographical distributions. They are expected to be slow at colonizing new habitats. Despite this, the cool margins of many species' distributions have expanded rapidly in association with recent climate warming. We examined four insect species that have expanded their geographical ranges in Britain over the past 20 years. Here we report that two butterfly species have increased the variety of habitat types that they can colonize, and that two bush cricket species show increased fractions of longer-winged (dispersive) individuals in recently founded populations. Both ecological and evolutionary processes are probably responsible for these changes. Increased habitat breadth and dispersal tendencies have resulted in about 3- to 15-fold increases in expansion rates, allowing these insects to cross habitat disjunctions that would have represented major or complete barriers to dispersal before the expansions started. The emergence of dispersive phenotypes will increase the speed at which species invade new environments, and probably underlies the responses of many species to both past and future climate change.

摘要

许多动物被认为相对定居,且在其地理分布的边缘区域具有特殊性。它们在开拓新栖息地方面预计会很缓慢。尽管如此,随着近期气候变暖,许多物种分布的凉爽边缘区域迅速扩大。我们研究了过去20年里在英国扩大了地理范围的四种昆虫。在此我们报告,两种蝴蝶物种能够开拓的栖息地类型种类有所增加,并且两种灌丛蟋蟀物种在新建立的种群中,翅较长(具有扩散能力)的个体比例有所增加。生态和进化过程可能都对这些变化负有责任。栖息地广度的增加和扩散倾向导致扩张速率提高了约3至15倍,使这些昆虫能够跨越在扩张开始之前原本会成为主要或完全扩散障碍的栖息地间断区域。具有扩散能力的表型的出现将提高物种入侵新环境的速度,并且可能是许多物种对过去和未来气候变化做出反应的基础。

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