Stocum D L
Department of Biology and Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
Wound Repair Regen. 2001 Nov-Dec;9(6):429-42. doi: 10.1046/j.1524-475x.2001.00429.x.
Embryonic stem cells of the mammalian blastocyst give rise to all the tissue lineages that begin to emerge at gastrulation. They are pluripotent cells and can be propagated in vitro without loss of pluripotency. Many adult tissues harbor cells that do not complete their differentiation program. These cells serve as self-renewing stem cells whose normal fate is to regenerate site-specific tissue, in response to either physiological cell turnover or damage inflicted by injury or disease. Neural, muscle, and bone marrow stem cells possess developmental potency far greater than their normal lineage-restricted fate. The understanding of the biology of stem cells is leading us into an era of regenerative medicine. The growth potential and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells and the developmental plasticity of adult stem cells, particularly those of bone marrow, make them potentially useful for replacing tissues, via transplantation or construction of bioartificial tissues, that either do not regenerate naturally or are damaged beyond their natural capability for regeneration. In addition to these two ways of replacing tissue, a third strategy of regenerative medicine is to stimulate regeneration in vivo from resident stem cells. Before these approaches become clinical reality, however, a number of basic research issues must be resolved, including the revision of our concept of a regeneration-competent cell.
哺乳动物囊胚的胚胎干细胞可分化为原肠胚形成时开始出现的所有组织谱系。它们是多能干细胞，能够在体外增殖而不丧失多能性。许多成体组织含有尚未完成分化程序的细胞。这些细胞作为自我更新的干细胞，其正常命运是在生理细胞更替或因损伤或疾病造成损害时，再生特定部位的组织。神经干细胞、肌肉干细胞和骨髓干细胞具有远大于其正常谱系限制命运的发育潜能。对干细胞生物学的理解正引领我们进入再生医学时代。胚胎干细胞的生长潜力和多能性以及成体干细胞（尤其是骨髓干细胞）的发育可塑性，使其有可能通过移植或构建生物人工组织来替代那些不能自然再生或受损程度超出其自然再生能力的组织。除了这两种替代组织的方法外，再生医学的第三种策略是刺激体内驻留干细胞进行再生。然而，在这些方法成为临床现实之前，必须解决许多基础研究问题，包括修正我们对具有再生能力细胞的概念。
