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采用流域方法确定水生生态恢复的优先事项。

Establishing aquatic restoration priorities using a watershed approach.

作者信息

Bohn B A, Kershner J L

机构信息

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, Bighorn National Forest, Sheridan, Wyoming 82801, USA.

出版信息

J Environ Manage. 2002 Apr;64(4):355-63. doi: 10.1006/jema.2001.0496.

Abstract

Since the passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972, the United States has made great strides to reduce the threats to its rivers, lakes, and wetlands from pollution. However, despite our obvious successes, nearly half of the nation's surface water resources remain incapable of supporting basic aquatic values or maintaining water quality adequate for recreational swimming. The Clean Water Act established a significant federal presence in water quality regulation by controlling point and non-point sources of pollution. Point-sources of pollution were the major emphasis of the Act, but Section 208 specifically addressed non-point sources of pollution and designated silviculture and livestock grazing as sources of non-point pollution. Non-point source pollutants include runoff from agriculture, municipalities, timber harvesting, mining, and livestock grazing. Non-point source pollution now accounts for more than half of the United States water quality impairments. To successfully improve water quality, restoration practitioners must start with an understanding of what ecosystem processes are operating in the watershed and how they have been affected by outside variables. A watershed-based analysis template developed in the Pacific Northwest can be a valuable aid in developing that level of understanding. The watershed analysis technique identifies four ecosystem scales useful to identify stream restoration priorities: region, basin, watershed, and site. The watershed analysis technique is based on a set of technically rigorous and defensible procedures designed to provide information on what processes are active at the watershed scale, how those processes are distributed in time and space. They help describe what the current upland and riparian conditions of the watershed are and how these conditions in turn influence aquatic habitat and other beneficial uses. The analysis is organized as a set of six steps that direct an interdisciplinary team of specialists to examine the biotic and abiotic processes influencing aquatic habitat and species abundance. This process helps develop an understanding of the watershed within the context of the larger ecosystem. The understanding gained can then be used to identify and prioritize aquatic restoration activities at the appropriate temporal and spatial scale. The watershed approach prevents relying solely on site-level information, a common problem with historic restoration efforts. When the watershed analysis process was used in the Whitefish Mountains of northwest Montana, natural resource professionals were able to determine the dominant habitat forming processes important for native fishes and use that information to prioritize, plan, and implement the appropriate restoration activities at the watershed scale. Despite considerable investments of time and resources needed to complete an analysis at the watershed scale, the results can prevent the misdiagnosis of aquatic problems and help ensure that the objectives of aquatic restoration will be met.

摘要

自1972年《清洁水法》通过以来,美国在减少污染对其河流、湖泊和湿地的威胁方面取得了巨大进展。然而,尽管我们取得了显著成功,但该国近一半的地表水资源仍无法支持基本的水生价值或维持适合娱乐游泳的水质。《清洁水法》通过控制污染的点源和非点源,在水质监管方面确立了重要的联邦地位。点源污染是该法案的主要重点,但第208条专门针对非点源污染,并将造林和放牧指定为非点源污染的来源。非点源污染物包括来自农业、市政、木材采伐、采矿和放牧的径流。非点源污染现在占美国水质受损问题的一半以上。为了成功改善水质,恢复从业者必须首先了解流域内正在运行的生态系统过程以及它们是如何受到外部变量影响的。在太平洋西北地区开发的基于流域的分析模板可以在培养这种理解水平方面提供有价值的帮助。流域分析技术确定了四个对确定溪流恢复优先级有用的生态系统尺度:区域、流域、分水岭和地点。流域分析技术基于一套技术上严谨且合理的程序,旨在提供有关流域尺度上哪些过程活跃、这些过程如何在时间和空间上分布的信息。它们有助于描述流域当前的高地和河岸状况,以及这些状况如何反过来影响水生生境和其他有益用途。该分析被组织为一系列六个步骤,指导一个跨学科的专家团队检查影响水生生境和物种丰富度的生物和非生物过程。这个过程有助于在更大的生态系统背景下培养对流域的理解。然后,所获得的理解可用于在适当的时间和空间尺度上确定水生恢复活动并确定其优先级。流域方法可防止仅依赖现场层面的信息,这是历史恢复工作中常见的问题。当在蒙大拿州西北部的白鱼山使用流域分析过程时,自然资源专业人员能够确定对本地鱼类重要的主要栖息地形成过程,并利用这些信息在流域尺度上确定优先级、规划和实施适当的恢复活动。尽管在流域尺度上完成分析需要投入大量的时间和资源,但结果可以防止对水生问题的误诊,并有助于确保实现水生恢复的目标。

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