McMurray Julia E, Cohen May, Angus Graham, Harding John, Gavel Paul, Horvath John, Paice Elisabeth, Schmittdiel Julie, Grumbach Kevin
Department of Medical Psychology, University of Amsterdam.
J Am Med Womens Assoc (1972). 2002 Fall;57(4):185-90.
to determine the impact of increasing numbers of women in medicine on the physician work force in Australia, Canada, England, and the United States.
We collected data on physician work force issues from professional organizations and government agencies in each of the 4 nations.
Women now make up nearly half of all medical students in all 4 countries and 20% to 30% of all practicing physicians. Most are concentrated in primary care specialties and obstetrics/gynecology and are underrepresented in surgical training programs. Women physicians practice largely in urban settings and work 7 to 11 fewer hours per week than men do, for lower pay. Twenty percent to 50% of women primary care physicians are in part-time practice.
Work force planners should anticipate larger decreases in physician full-time equivalencies than previously expected because of the increased number of women in practice and their tendency to work fewer hours and to be in part-time practice, especially in primary care. Responses to these changes vary among the 4 countries. Canada has developed a detailed database of work/family issues; England has pioneered flexible training schemes and reentry training programs; and Australia has joined consumers, physicians, and educators in improving training opportunities and the work climate for women. Improved access to surgical and subspecialty fields, training and practice settings that provide balance for work/family issues, and improved recruitment and retention of women physicians in rural areas will increase the contributions of women physicians.
确定医学领域女性数量增加对澳大利亚、加拿大、英国和美国医生劳动力的影响。
我们从这4个国家的专业组织和政府机构收集了有关医生劳动力问题的数据。
目前，这4个国家中女性几乎占所有医学生的一半，占执业医生总数的20%至30%。大多数女性集中在初级保健专业和妇产科，在外科培训项目中的代表性不足。女医生大多在城市地区执业，每周工作时间比男医生少7至11小时，薪酬也较低。20%至50%的女性初级保健医生从事兼职工作。
由于执业女性数量增加，且她们倾向于减少工作时间并从事兼职工作，尤其是在初级保健领域，劳动力规划者应预计全职等效医生数量的减少幅度将比此前预期的更大。这4个国家对这些变化的应对措施各不相同。加拿大建立了一个关于工作/家庭问题的详细数据库；英国率先推出了灵活的培训计划和再入培训项目；澳大利亚则联合消费者、医生和教育工作者，共同改善女性的培训机会和工作环境。改善进入外科和亚专业领域的机会、提供工作/家庭问题平衡的培训和执业环境，以及改善农村地区女医生的招聘和留用情况，将增加女医生的贡献。
