Preusch P L, Adler P R, Sikora L J, Tworkoski T J
Hood College and University of Maryland, 8020 Greenmead Drive, College Park, MD 20740-4000, USA.
J Environ Qual. 2002 Nov-Dec;31(6):2051-7. doi: 10.2134/jeq2002.2051.
Poultry litter applications to land have been based on crop N requirements, resulting in application of P in excess of plant requirements, which may cause degradation of water quality in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The effect of litter source (the Delmarva Peninsula and Moorefield, West Virginia) and composting of poultry litter on N mineralization and availability of P in two soil types (sandy loam and silt loam) was determined in a controlled environment for 120 d. Nitrogen mineralization (percent total organic N converted to inorganic nitrogen) rates were higher for fresh litter (range of 42 to 64%) than composted litter (range of 1 to 9%). The N mineralization rate of fresh litter from the Delmarva Peninsula was consistently lower than the fresh litter from Moorefield, WV. The N mineralization rate of composted litter from either source was not significantly different for each soil type (7 to 9% in sandy loam and 1 to 5% in silt loam) even though composting conditions were completely different at the two composting facilities. Litter source had a large effect on N mineralization rates of fresh but not composted poultry litter. Composting yielded a more predictable and reliable source of mineralizable N than fresh litter. Water-extractable phosphorus (WEP) was similar in soils amended with composted litter from WV and fresh litter from both sources (approximately 10 to 25 and 2 to 14 mg P kg(-1) for sandy loam and silt loam, respectively). Mehlich 1-extractable phosphorus (MEP) was similar in soils amended with WV fresh litter and composted litter from both sources (approximately 100 to 140 and 60 to 90 mg P kg(-1) for sandy loam and silt loam, respectively). These results suggest that the composting process did not consistently reduce WEP and MEP, and P can be as available in composted poultry litter as in fresh poultry litter.
家禽粪便施用于土地一直是根据作物对氮的需求来进行的，这导致磷的施用量超过了植物的需求，可能会导致切萨皮克湾流域的水质恶化。在可控环境中测定了120天，研究了粪便来源（德尔马瓦半岛和西弗吉尼亚州的莫尔菲尔德）以及家禽粪便堆肥对两种土壤类型（砂壤土和粉砂壤土）中氮矿化和磷有效性的影响。新鲜粪便的氮矿化率（转化为无机氮的总有机氮百分比）较高（范围为42%至64%），而堆肥粪便的氮矿化率较低（范围为1%至9%）。来自德尔马瓦半岛的新鲜粪便的氮矿化率始终低于来自西弗吉尼亚州莫尔菲尔德的新鲜粪便。尽管两个堆肥设施的堆肥条件完全不同，但两种来源的堆肥粪便在每种土壤类型中的氮矿化率没有显著差异（砂壤土中为7%至9%，粉砂壤土中为1%至5%）。粪便来源对新鲜但非堆肥家禽粪便的氮矿化率有很大影响。与新鲜粪便相比，堆肥产生的可矿化氮源更可预测且更可靠。用来自西弗吉尼亚州的堆肥粪便以及两种来源的新鲜粪便改良的土壤中，水溶磷（WEP）相似（砂壤土和粉砂壤土中分别约为10至25和2至14毫克磷/千克）。用西弗吉尼亚州新鲜粪便和两种来源的堆肥粪便改良的土壤中，Mehlich 1提取磷（MEP）相似（砂壤土和粉砂壤土中分别约为100至140和60至90毫克磷/千克）。这些结果表明，堆肥过程并没有持续降低水溶磷和Mehlich 1提取磷，并且堆肥家禽粪便中的磷与新鲜家禽粪便中的磷有效性相当。
