Management of arrhythmias in heart failure.

Arrhythmias continue to contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in heart failure. Implantable defibrillators have assumed an increasingly important role in preventing sudden death and are recommended for patients who have been resuscitated from cardiac arrest, have unexplained syncope, or exhibit inducible ventricular tachycardia in the setting of prior myocardial infarction. The extension of survival conferred by implantable defibrillators is likely to be limited in patients with advanced heart failure. Ongoing trials will help define the use of these devices in heart failure populations, in whom atrial fibrillation is common and rate control and anticoagulation are of major importance. Among pharmaceutical options, amiodarone and dofetilide are the major agents for maintenance of sinus rhythm. The complexity of coexistent heart failure and arrhythmia management warrants close collaboration between heart failure and arrhythmia specialists.