Dimond R L, Montagna W
Anat Rec. 1976 May;185(1):63-75. doi: 10.1002/ar.1091850106.
The skin of the giraffe has the same general histological structure as that of other mammals, but there are notable features. The skin is heavily pigmented with the epidermis, pilary canals, and the outer cell layer of the apocrine duct richly melanized. Furthermore, melanotic dendritic cells are frequently found in the sebaceous glands, the entire length of the external root sheath, and the secretory tubules of the apocrine glands. The thick skin has a papillary dermis that extends to just beneath the secretory coils of the apocrine glands and bulbs of hair follicles and an equally thick reticular layer below these structures. The hair follicles do not grow in clusters, and with some regional variations, have associated sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, and arrectores pilorum muscles. Only the large hairs have a prominent medulla. In such specialized regions as the eyelids, nose, and lips, the apocrine glands are surrounded by cholinesterase-reactive nerves but the glands on the general body surface are not. The only specialized nerve receptors are hair follicle end organs found on every hair of the eyelids, nose, and lips, but only rarely elsewhere.
长颈鹿的皮肤具有与其他哺乳动物相同的一般组织学结构，但也有显著特征。皮肤色素沉着严重，表皮、毛囊管和顶泌汗腺导管的外层细胞层黑色素丰富。此外，在皮脂腺、外根鞘全长以及顶泌汗腺的分泌小管中经常发现黑素树突状细胞。厚皮肤有一个乳头真皮层，延伸到顶泌汗腺分泌盘和毛囊球下方，在这些结构下方还有同样厚的网状层。毛囊不成簇生长，并且在一些区域存在差异，伴有皮脂腺、顶泌汗腺和立毛肌。只有大的毛发有明显的髓质。在眼睑、鼻子和嘴唇等特殊区域，顶泌汗腺被胆碱酯酶反应性神经包围，但身体其他部位的腺体则没有。唯一的特殊神经感受器是在眼睑、鼻子和嘴唇的每根毛发上发现的毛囊终末器官，但在其他地方很少见。
