Effects of prolonged irrigation with treated municipal effluent on runoff rate.

The use of domestic effluents for the irrigation of crops has been widespread in Israel for the past 30 years. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of the standardized domestic effluents ranges between 4 and 6. According to the literature, when soils with SAR levels of 4 to 6 are exposed to direct raindrop impact they are subjected to enhanced aggregate disintegration, leading to sealing processes of the soil surface and subsequent increased runoff and soil erosion. However, these phenomena were not observed in the laboratory and field experiments of this study. On the other hand, a rapid decrease of the soil SAR to its initial values was observed, in laboratory and fieldwork, once the soil was subjected to a simulated rainstorm of distilled water (laboratory) or natural rainstorms (field plots). We can conclude that the process of SAR increase during irrigation with standardized effluent water is reversible. Further investigation in this direction can lead to recommendations regarding the necessary levels of domestic sewage water purification in correlation with soil types, climatic conditions, and hazards to tap water aquifers.