Bradley M M, Codispoti M, Cuthbert B N, Lang P J
Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, Health Sciences Center, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0165, USA.
Emotion. 2001 Sep;1(3):276-98.
Emotional reactions are organized by underlying motivational states--defensive and appetitive--that have evolved to promote the survival of individuals and species. Affective responses were measured while participants viewed pictures with varied emotional and neutral content. Consistent with the motivational hypothesis, reports of the strongest emotional arousal, largest skin conductance responses, most pronounced cardiac deceleration, and greatest modulation of the startle reflex occurred when participants viewed pictures depicting threat, violent death, and erotica. Moreover, reflex modulation and conductance change varied with arousal, whereas facial patterns were content specific. The findings suggest that affective responses serve different functions-mobilization for action, attention, and social communication-and reflect the motivational system that is engaged, its intensity of activation, and the specific emotional context.
情绪反应是由潜在的动机状态——防御性和欲求性的——所组织的,这些动机状态已经进化以促进个体和物种的生存。在参与者观看具有不同情感和中性内容的图片时,测量情感反应。与动机假设一致,当参与者观看描绘威胁、暴力死亡和色情内容的图片时,报告显示出最强的情绪唤醒、最大的皮肤电反应、最明显的心脏减速以及对惊吓反射的最大调节。此外,反射调节和电导变化随唤醒而变化,而面部模式则是特定于内容的。研究结果表明,情感反应具有不同的功能——行动动员、注意力和社交沟通——并反映了所涉及的动机系统、其激活强度以及特定的情感背景。