Gaze and eye movement disorders.

Cortical areas were explored with regard to saccade control: the lateral intraparietal (LIP) area is involved in the spatial aspects of sensorimotor processing; the supplementary motor area in goal-directed gaze control; and from lesion studies; the posterior parietal cortex in triggering visually guided saccades. Different studies have suggested that the spatial-to-temporal transformation takes place in the superior colliculus (SC) and the cerebellum. When the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) produces inadequate eye movements, other supplementary mechanisms (e.g. non-visual, saccade) may play a role in correcting gaze. A classification of central vestibular disorders of the brainstem and VOR has been proposed, as manifested in any one of the three major planes of action (yaw, pitch and role).