[Immunotherapy of renal cell carcinoma. With special emphasis on therapy of the elderly patient].

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and/or interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) induce remissions and prolong life in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma when carefully selected for a possibly toxic treatment. However, better-tolerated and more effective therapies are needed, especially in the elderly and patients with comorbidities. Recent achievements in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma highlight potentially significant improvements. Immune cells within the tumor correlate with response and survival indicating the importance of local immune modulation. Such modulation has allowed introducing well-tolerated treatments such as inhalation of IL-2 to control lung metastases, which results in a significant survival benefit for high-risk patients as suggested by a recent cohort study in 200 patients. Antibody-based tumor targeting against cG250, specifically expressed on RCC, seems to stabilize progressive metastatic disease and does not induce toxicity. Vaccination strategies are also well tolerated, but have not shown convincing results in advanced disease so far. Other approaches have not fulfilled expectations. Stem cell transplantation still has significant toxicity and cannot be recommended for the elderly.