Kowalski Kurt
Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbuck, TX, USA.
J Soc Psychol. 2003 Dec;143(6):677-90. doi: 10.1080/00224540309600424.
The author assessed preschool-aged children's attitudes (N = 70) toward their own and 2 ethnic or racial out-groups using traditional forced-choice measures and a new method that assessed children's out-group attitudes independently of their attitudes toward their own group. When required to assign positive and negative traits to either their own group or an ethnic or racial out-group, children evaluated their own group favorably relative to the out-group in question. However, when not forced to choose between groups, children evaluated out-groups positively, indicating that own-group preference relative to ethnic and racial out-groups was not equated with out-group rejection. Children's positive out-group evaluations did vary with the out-group being considered and were reflective of the local social context, suggesting the influence of social learning. The results indicate that young children's positive feelings toward their own group do not necessarily involve or cause negative out-group attitudes and that various factors might differentially influence in-group and out-group attitudes.
作者使用传统的强制选择测量方法和一种新方法，评估了学龄前儿童（N = 70）对自己群体以及两个种族或民族外群体的态度。新方法独立于儿童对自己群体的态度来评估他们对外群体的态度。当被要求将积极和消极特征分配给自己的群体或一个种族或民族外群体时，儿童相对于所讨论的外群体更积极地评价自己的群体。然而，当不强制在群体之间进行选择时，儿童对外群体给予积极评价，这表明相对于种族和民族外群体的内群体偏好并不等同于对外群体的排斥。儿童对外群体的积极评价确实因所考虑的外群体而异，并且反映了当地的社会背景，这表明了社会学习的影响。结果表明，幼儿对自己群体的积极情感不一定涉及或导致对外群体的消极态度，而且各种因素可能会对群体内和群体外态度产生不同的影响。
