Structural analysis of nine-coordinate lanthanide complexes: steric control of the metal-water distance across the series.

The structures of 10 isomorphous lanthanide (Ln) complexes of a chiral DOTA tetra-amide ligand (L(1)), LnL(1)(H(2)O)(3).3H(2)O, crystallizing in space group P2(1), have been studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The Ln coordination is a O(4)N(4) square antiprism, the O(4) base of which is capped by an aqua ligand. The sterically demanding position of the latter results in the lengthening of the Ln-OH(2) distance along the Pr to Lu series by 0.06 A (after allowing for the lanthanide contraction). In parallel, the distance between the bound water oxygen and the second-sphere water oxygen is reduced from 3.17 A (Pr) to 3.04 A (Lu), consistent with the enhanced hydrogen bond acceptor ability of the coordinated water oxygen across the series. A Cambridge Structural Database survey of Ln(H(2)O)(9)(3) salts (space group P6(3)/m) and of six reported isostructural complexes of DOTA [L(2)] revealed a similar trend. The implications of the resultant destabilization of the ground state structure for the water interchange process are discussed.