Expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene in human adipose tissue: induction by rosiglitazone and genetic analyses of the adipocyte-specific region of the promoter in type 2 diabetes.

Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C) is the key enzyme in glyceroneogenesis, an important metabolic pathway in adipocytes for reesterification of fatty acids during fasting. Dysregulation of glyceroneogenesis could play a role in the increase in plasma non-esterified fatty acids that accompanies type 2 diabetes. In rodent adipocyte transcription of the PEPCK-C gene is induced by thiazolidinediones (TZDs) through an element, named PCK2, in its promoter. PCK2 binds a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) heterodimer. We demonstrated that in cultured human subcutaneous adipose tissue explants, PEPCK-C specific activity and mRNA were induced by 1 microM of the TZD rosiglitazone, respectively, about twofold in 8 h and fivefold in 5 h. Using gel shift experiments, we show that this effect is likely to involve the human PCK2 (hPCK2) element, which binds a protein complex that contains PPARgamma and RXRalpha. We analyzed hPCK2 (position -1031 to -1015 base pairs) and nearby sequences in the PEPCK-C promoter in 403 subjects with type 2 diabetes and 123 non-diabetic controls. The sequence of hPCK2 was not polymorphic, but we detected two C/T single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in complete linkage disequilibrium, at positions -1097 and -967 bp. Allele and genotype frequencies were not significantly different in patients and controls. However, our results suggest co-dominant effects of C and T-alleles on fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c levels in obese type 2 diabetic patients.