正常遗传变异、认知与衰老。
Normal genetic variation, cognition, and aging.
作者信息
Greenwood P M, Parasuraman Raja
机构信息
Catholic University of America, USA.
出版信息
Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev. 2003 Dec;2(4):278-306. doi: 10.1177/1534582303260641.
This article reviews the modulation of cognitive function by normal genetic variation. Although the heritability of "g" is well established, the genes that modulate specific cognitive functions are largely unidentified. Application of the allelic association approach to individual differences in cognition has begun to reveal the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms on specific and general cognitive functions. This article proposes a framework for relating genotype to cognitive phenotype by considering the effect of genetic variation on the protein product of specific genes within the context of the neural basis of particular cognitive domains. Specificity of effects is considered, from genes controlling part of one receptor type to genes controlling agents of neuronal repair, and evidence is reviewed of cognitive modulation by polymorphisms in dopaminergic and cholinergic receptor genes, dopaminergic enzyme genes, and neurotrophic genes. Although allelic variation in certain genes can be reliably linked to cognition--specifically to components of attention, working memory, and executive function in healthy adults--the specificity, generality, and replicability of the effects are not fully known.
本文综述了正常基因变异对认知功能的调节作用。尽管“g”的遗传力已得到充分证实，但调节特定认知功能的基因大多尚未明确。将等位基因关联方法应用于认知方面的个体差异研究，已开始揭示单核苷酸多态性对特定和一般认知功能的影响。本文通过在特定认知领域的神经基础背景下，考虑基因变异对特定基因蛋白质产物的影响，提出了一个将基因型与认知表型联系起来的框架。从控制一种受体类型一部分的基因到控制神经元修复因子的基因，都考虑了效应的特异性，并综述了多巴胺能和胆碱能受体基因、多巴胺能酶基因及神经营养基因多态性对认知调节作用的证据。虽然某些基因的等位基因变异能够可靠地与认知联系起来——具体而言，与健康成年人的注意力、工作记忆和执行功能的组成部分相关——但其效应的特异性、普遍性和可重复性尚不完全清楚。
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