Native chemical ligation of hydrophobic [corrected] peptides in lipid bilayer systems.

The covalent modification of water-insoluble membrane polypeptides incorporated into lipid bilayers by native chemical ligation is described. The key feature of this strategy is the use of cubic lipidic phase (CLP) matrixes as reaction media. The CLP-matrix consists of a lipid bilayer into which hydrophobic polypeptides and folded membrane proteins can be inserted and two unbounded aqueous channels that give the aqueous phase access to both sides of an infinite lipid bilayer and thus ensure that modification of solvent-exposed sites is independent of the topology of membrane incorporation. The enzymatic removal of an N-terminal proteolytic cleavage sequence from the membrane polypeptide exposes an N-terminal cysteine residue. Subsequently, a C-terminal thioester peptide is joined to the N-terminus of the polypeptide by a native chemical ligation reaction. By use of this approach, incorporation of a variety of molecular tools, such as spectroscopic probes, unnatural amino acids, and molecular markers into membrane proteins that cannot be easily solubilized in detergent or denaturant solutions, may be achieved.