Fairbanks Lynn A, Jorgensen Matthew J, Huff Adriana, Blau Karin, Hung Yung-Yu, Mann J John
Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA.
Am J Primatol. 2004 Sep;64(1):1-17. doi: 10.1002/ajp.20057.
Adolescence is characterized by behavioral and physiological changes that prepare individuals for the transition to adulthood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of behavioral, morphological, neurobiological, and developmental characteristics of adolescent male vervets in predicting later dominance attainment. Thirty-six adolescent male vervets were tested for social impulsivity by means of the Intruder Challenge test while they were still living in their natal groups. Body weight and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolites of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine were measured before they were introduced into new matrilineal breeding groups at age 5. Stable adult dominance rank was determined at age 6, 1 year following introduction. The results indicated that body weight, adolescent impulsivity, and levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in CSF predicted adult dominance attainment. As expected, males that were above average in body weight prior to introduction were significantly more likely to become dominant. Males that were high in impulsivity as adolescents, and low in 5-HIAA prior to introduction were more likely to achieve stable alpha male status 1 year following introduction. The combination of these three factors resulted in correct prediction of rank attainment for 92% (33/36) of the males. Two other factors-maternal dominance rank and a measure of social anxiety from the Intruder Challenge test-were not related to adult dominance attainment in this sample. These results support the idea that there are benefits of a high-risk, high-gain strategy is beneficial for adolescent and young adult male vervets. They also demonstrate that adolescent impulsivity is age-limited. Males that achieved high rank moderated their behavior as adults, and no longer scored high in impulsivity relative to their age peers.
青春期的特点是行为和生理上的变化,这些变化使个体为向成年期过渡做好准备。本研究的目的是评估青春期雄性绿猴的行为、形态、神经生物学和发育特征对预测其日后获得支配地位的影响。36只青春期雄性绿猴在仍生活在其出生群体时,通过入侵者挑战测试来检测其社交冲动性。在它们5岁被引入新的母系繁殖群体之前,测量其体重以及脑脊液中血清素、多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素的代谢物。在引入后的1年,即6岁时确定稳定的成年支配等级。结果表明,体重、青春期冲动性以及脑脊液中5-羟吲哚乙酸(5-HIAA)和高香草酸(HVA)的水平可预测成年后的支配地位获得情况。正如预期的那样,引入前体重高于平均水平的雄性更有可能成为 dominant。青春期时冲动性高且引入前5-HIAA水平低的雄性在引入后1年更有可能获得稳定的阿尔法雄性地位。这三个因素的组合对92%(33/36)的雄性的等级获得情况做出了正确预测。另外两个因素——母亲的支配等级以及入侵者挑战测试中的社交焦虑测量值——与该样本中的成年支配地位获得情况无关。这些结果支持了这样一种观点,即高风险、高回报策略对青春期和年轻成年雄性绿猴有益。它们还表明青春期冲动性是有年龄限制的。获得高等级的雄性成年后会调节自己的行为,相对于同龄人而言,其冲动性不再得分高。