Patkar Ashwin A, Batra Vikas, Mannelli Paolo, Evers-Casey Sarah, Vergare Michael J, Leone Frank T
Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Am J Addict. 2005 Jan-Feb;14(1):43-53. doi: 10.1080/10550490590899844.
Despite the widespread use of tobacco and marijuana by cocaine abusers, it remains unclear whether combined tobacco and marijuana smoking is more harmful than tobacco smoking alone in cocaine abusers. We investigated the differences in medical symptoms reported among 34 crack cocaine abusers who did not smoke tobacco or marijuana (C), 86 crack cocaine abusers who also smoked tobacco (C + T), and 48 crack abusers who smoked both tobacco and marijuana (C + T + M). Medical symptoms were recorded using a 134-item self-report instrument (MILCOM), and drug use was assessed using the Addiction Severity Index (ASI). After controlling for clinical and demographic differences, the C + T + M group reported significantly more total symptoms on the MILCOM as well as on the respiratory, digestive, general, and nose/throat subscales than the C + T or C groups. The C + T group reported higher total and respiratory and nose/throat symptoms than the C group. HOwever, the C group had the highest number of mood symptoms among the three groups. The C + T and C + T + M groups were comparable in number of cigarettes smoked and ASI scores. Although tobacco smoking is associated with higher reports of medical problems in crack abusers, smoking both marijuana and tobacco seems to be associated with greater medical problems than smoking tobacco alone. Tobacco smoking was not related to changes in cocaine use. Also, marijuana smoking does not appear to be associated with a reduction in tobacco or cocaine use.
尽管可卡因滥用者广泛使用烟草和大麻,但目前仍不清楚在可卡因滥用者中,同时吸食烟草和大麻是否比仅吸食烟草危害更大。我们调查了34名不吸烟草或大麻的快克可卡因滥用者(C组)、86名同时吸烟草的快克可卡因滥用者(C+T组)和48名既吸烟草又吸大麻的快克可卡因滥用者(C+T+M组)所报告的医学症状差异。使用一份包含134个项目的自我报告工具(MILCOM)记录医学症状,并使用成瘾严重程度指数(ASI)评估药物使用情况。在控制了临床和人口统计学差异后,C+T+M组在MILCOM以及呼吸、消化、全身和鼻/喉子量表上报告的总症状显著多于C+T组或C组。C+T组报告的总症状、呼吸和鼻/喉症状高于C组。然而,C组在三组中情绪症状数量最多。C+T组和C+T+M组在吸烟量和ASI评分方面相当。虽然吸食烟草与快克可卡因滥用者报告的更多医学问题有关,但同时吸食大麻和烟草似乎比仅吸食烟草与更多医学问题相关。吸食烟草与可卡因使用的变化无关。此外,吸食大麻似乎与烟草或可卡因使用的减少无关。