de Aragão Umbuzeiro Gisela, Freeman Harold S, Warren Sarah H, de Oliveira Danielle Palma, Terao Yoshiyasu, Watanabe Tetsushi, Claxton Larry D
CETESB-Cia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental, Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, 05459-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Chemosphere. 2005 Jun;60(1):55-64. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.100.
To verify whether dyes emitted within the discharge of a dye processing plant were contributing to the mutagenicity repeatedly found in the Cristais River, Sao Paulo, Brazil, we chemically characterized the following mutagenic samples: the treated industrial effluent, raw and treated water, and the sludge produced by a Drinking Water Treatment Plant (DWTP) located approximately 6 km from the industrial discharge. Considering that 20% of the dyes used for coloring activities might be lost to wastewaters and knowing that several dyes have mutagenic activity, we decided to analyze the samples for the presence of dyes. Thin layer chromatographic analysis indicated the presence of three prevalent dyes in all samples, except for the drinking water. This combination of dyes corresponded to a commercial product used by the industry, and it tested positive in the Salmonella assay. The structures of the dye components were determined using proton magnetic resonance and mass spectrometric (MS) methods, and the dyes were tested for mutagenicity. The blue component was identified as the C.I. Disperse Blue 373, the violet as C.I. Disperse Violet 93, and the orange as C.I. Disperse Orange 37. The dyes showed mutagenic responses of 6300, 4600, and 280 revertants/microg for YG1041 with S9 respectively. A bioassay-directed fractionation/chemical analysis showed that the C.I. Disperse Blue 373 contributed 55% of the mutagenic activity of the DWTP sludge. We showed that these dyes contributed to the mutagenic activity found in the Cristais River environmental samples analyzed and are indirectly affecting the quality of the related drinking water. Therefore, we believe that this type of discharge should be more thoroughly characterized chemically and toxicologically. Additionally, human and ecological risks associated with the release of dye processing plant effluents should be more fully investigated, especially where the resultant water is taken for human consumption.
为了验证巴西圣保罗克里斯泰斯河（Cristais River）中反复检测到的致突变性是否源自染料加工厂排放的染料，我们对以下致突变性样本进行了化学特征分析：经过处理的工业废水、原水和处理后的水，以及由一家距离工业排放口约6公里的饮用水处理厂（DWTP）产生的污泥。考虑到用于染色活动的染料中有20%可能会流失到废水中，并且已知几种染料具有致突变活性，我们决定分析样本中是否存在染料。薄层色谱分析表明，除了饮用水外，所有样本中都存在三种常见染料。这种染料组合与该行业使用的一种商业产品相对应，并且在沙门氏菌试验中呈阳性。使用质子磁共振和质谱（MS）方法确定了染料成分的结构，并对染料的致突变性进行了测试。蓝色成分被鉴定为C.I. 分散蓝373，紫色为C.I. 分散紫93，橙色为C.I. 分散橙37。这些染料对YG1041加S9的致突变反应分别为6,300、4,600和280回复突变体/微克。生物测定导向的分级分离/化学分析表明，C.I. 分散蓝373对DWTP污泥的致突变活性贡献了55%。我们发现这些染料导致了所分析的克里斯泰斯河环境样本中的致突变活性，并间接影响了相关饮用水的质量。因此，我们认为这种类型的排放应该在化学和毒理学方面进行更全面的特征分析。此外，与染料加工厂废水排放相关的人类和生态风险应该得到更充分的调查，特别是在处理后的水被用于人类消费的地方。
