Jenkins Michael B, Endale Dinku M, Schomberg Harry H, Sharpe Ronald R
Southern Piedmont Conservation Research Unit, USDA-ARS, J. Phil Campbell, Sr., Natural Resource Conservation Center, 1420 Experiment Station Road, Watkinsville, GA 30677, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2006 Apr 1;358(1-3):164-77. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.04.015. Epub 2005 May 31.
The application of poultry litter to agricultural fields can provide plant nutrients for crops and forage production, but fecal bacteria and the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone are components of litter that can be detrimental to the environment. Our objective was to determine if applications of poultry litter to small watersheds would contribute to the load of fecal bacteria and sex hormones to soil and runoff. We, therefore, investigated the fate and transport of fecal bacteria, estradiol and testosterone from surface applied poultry litter to four small watersheds. Poultry litter was applied to meet the nitrogen requirements of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) in 2000 and grain sorghum [Sorgham bicolor (L.) Moench] in 2001. Neither Salmonella nor Campylobacter were detected in the litter but the fecal indicator bacteria were. The average load of total coliforms,Escherichia coli, and fecal enterococci applied with the litter was 12.2, 11.9, and 12.7 log10 cells ha(−1), respectively. The average load of estradiol and testosterone was 3.1 and 0.09 mg ha(-1), respectively.Runoff events first occurred seven months after the first litter application in 2000, and three weeks after the second application in 2001.Only for the 25 July 2001 runoff event three weeks after the second litter application, were the concentrations of total coliforms, E. coli,and fecal enterococci in runoff greater than background concentrations which were on average 5.2, 1.1, and 2.9 log10 MPN 100 ml(−1),respectively [corrected]. Average background levels of total coliforms, fecal enterococci,and E. coli in surface soil were 8.2, 7.9, and 3.5 log (10) cells kg(−1) soil. At the rate of litter application the concentrations of estradiol and testosterone in the litter did not appear to impact the background levels in the soil and runoff. Because concentrations of sex hormones in litter from other broiler operations are known to be greater than in the litter we applied, further study on the connection between concentrations of sex hormones in poultry litter and operational practices is recommended.
将家禽粪便施用于农田可为作物和饲料生产提供植物养分，但粪便细菌以及性激素雌二醇和睾酮是粪便中的成分，可能对环境有害。我们的目标是确定将家禽粪便施用于小流域是否会增加土壤和径流中粪便细菌和性激素的负荷。因此，我们研究了从地表施用的家禽粪便中的粪便细菌、雌二醇和睾酮在四个小流域中的归宿和迁移情况。2000年施用家禽粪便以满足珍珠粟（Pennisetum glaucum L.）的氮需求，2001年施用家禽粪便以满足高粱[Sorgham bicolor (L.) Moench]的氮需求。在粪便中未检测到沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌，但检测到了粪便指示菌。随粪便施用的总大肠菌群、大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌的平均负荷分别为12.2、11.9和12.7 log10个细胞·公顷⁻¹。雌二醇和睾酮的平均负荷分别为3.1和0.09毫克·公顷⁻¹。径流事件首次发生在2000年首次施用粪便七个月后，以及2001年第二次施用粪便三周后。仅在2001年7月25日第二次施用粪便三周后的径流事件中，径流中总大肠菌群、大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌的浓度高于背景浓度，背景浓度平均分别为5.2、1.1和2.9 log10最可能数·100毫升⁻¹[校正后]。表层土壤中总大肠菌群、粪肠球菌和大肠杆菌的平均背景水平分别为8.2、7.9和3.5 log(10)个细胞·千克⁻¹土壤。按照粪便施用速率，粪便中雌二醇和睾酮的浓度似乎并未影响土壤和径流中的背景水平。由于已知其他肉鸡养殖场粪便中性激素的浓度高于我们施用的粪便，因此建议进一步研究家禽粪便中性激素浓度与养殖操作之间的联系。
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