Gutrich John, Donovan Deanna, Finucane Melissa, Focht Will, Hitzhusen Fred, Manopimoke Supachit, McCauley David, Norton Bryan, Sabatier Paul, Salzman Jim, Sasmitawidjaja Virza
Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, 6182 Steele Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
J Environ Manage. 2005 Aug;76(3):197-209. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.01.015.
Partnerships and co-operative environmental management are increasing worldwide as is the call for scientific input in the public process of ecosystem management. In Hawaii, private landowners, non-governmental organizations, and state and federal agencies have formed watershed partnerships to conserve and better manage upland forested watersheds. In this paper, findings of an international workshop convened in Hawaii to explore the strengths of approaches used to assess stakeholder values of environmental resources and foster consensus in the public process of ecosystem management are presented. Authors draw upon field experience in projects throughout Hawaii, Southeast Asia, Africa and the US mainland to derive a set of lessons learned that can be applied to Hawaiian and other watershed partnerships in an effort to promote consensus and sustainable ecosystem management. Interdisciplinary science-based models can serve as effective tools to identify areas of potential consensus in the process of ecosystem management. Effective integration of scientific input in co-operative ecosystem management depends on the role of science, the stakeholders and decision-makers involved, and the common language utilized to compare tradeoffs. Trust is essential to consensus building and the integration of scientific input must be transparent and inclusive of public feedback. Consideration of all relevant stakeholders and the actual benefits and costs of management activities to each stakeholder is essential. Perceptions and intuitive responses of people can be as influential as analytical processes in decision-making and must be addressed. Deliberative, dynamic and iterative decision-making processes all influence the level of stakeholder achievement of consensus. In Hawaii, application of lessons learned can promote more informed and democratic decision processes, quality scientific analysis that is relevant, and legitimacy and public acceptance of ecosystem management.
全球范围内，伙伴关系与合作式环境管理日益增加，在生态系统管理的公共进程中对科学投入的呼声也同样如此。在夏威夷，私人土地所有者、非政府组织以及州和联邦机构已形成流域伙伴关系，以保护和更好地管理高地森林流域。本文介绍了在夏威夷召开的一次国际研讨会的成果，该研讨会旨在探讨用于评估环境资源利益相关者价值观并在生态系统管理公共进程中促进达成共识的方法的优势。作者借鉴了夏威夷、东南亚、非洲和美国本土各地项目的实地经验，得出了一系列经验教训，可应用于夏威夷及其他流域伙伴关系，以促进达成共识和可持续的生态系统管理。基于跨学科科学的模型可作为有效工具，在生态系统管理过程中识别潜在的共识领域。在合作式生态系统管理中有效整合科学投入取决于科学的作用、所涉及的利益相关者和决策者，以及用于比较权衡的共同语言。信任对于建立共识至关重要，科学投入的整合必须透明并包含公众反馈。考虑所有相关利益者以及管理活动对每个利益相关者的实际收益和成本至关重要。在决策过程中，人们的认知和直观反应可能与分析过程一样具有影响力，必须加以考虑。审议性、动态性和迭代性的决策过程都会影响利益相关者达成共识的程度。在夏威夷，应用这些经验教训可促进更明智和民主的决策过程、相关的高质量科学分析，以及生态系统管理的合法性和公众接受度。
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