Woodley Stephanie J, Mercer Susan R
Musculoskeletal Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Cells Tissues Organs. 2005;179(3):125-41. doi: 10.1159/000085004.
Knowledge of the anatomical organization of the hamstring muscles is necessary to understand their functions, and to assist in the development of accurate clinical and biomechanical models. The hamstring muscles were examined by dissection in six embalmed human lower limbs with the purpose of clarifying their gross morphology. In addition to obtaining evidence for or against anatomical partitioning (as based on muscle architecture and pattern of innervation), data pertaining to architectural parameters such as fascicular length, volume, physiological cross-sectional area, and tendon length were collected. For each muscle, relatively consistent patterns of innervation were identified between specimens, and each was unique with respect to anatomical organization. On the basis of muscle architecture, three regions were identified within semimembranosus. However, this was not completely congruent with the pattern of innervation, as a primary nerve branch supplied only two regions, with the third region receiving a secondary branch. Semitendinosus comprised two distinct partitions arranged in series that were divided by a tendinous inscription. A singular muscle nerve or a primary nerve branch innervated each partition. In the biceps femoris long head the two regions were supplied via a primary nerve branch which divided into two primary branches or split into a series of branches. Being the only muscle to cross a single joint, biceps femoris short head consisted of two distinct regions demarcated by fiber direction, with each innervated by a separate muscle nerve. Architecturally, each muscle differed with respect to parameters such as physiological cross-sectional area, fascicular length and volume, but generally all partitions within an individual muscle were similar in fascicular length. The long proximal and distal tendons of these muscles extended into the muscle bellies thereby forming elongated musculotendinous junctions.
了解腘绳肌的解剖结构对于理解其功能以及辅助建立准确的临床和生物力学模型至关重要。为了阐明腘绳肌的大体形态，对六具经过防腐处理的人类下肢进行了解剖检查。除了获取支持或反对解剖分区（基于肌肉结构和神经支配模式）的证据外，还收集了与诸如肌束长度、体积、生理横截面积和肌腱长度等结构参数相关的数据。对于每块肌肉，在标本之间确定了相对一致的神经支配模式，并且每块肌肉在解剖结构方面都具有独特性。基于肌肉结构，在半膜肌内确定了三个区域。然而，这与神经支配模式并不完全一致，因为一条主要神经分支仅供应两个区域，第三个区域接受一条次要分支。半腱肌由两个串联排列的不同分区组成，它们被一条腱划隔开。每个分区由一条单一的肌肉神经或一条主要神经分支支配。在股二头肌长头中，两个区域通过一条主要神经分支供应，该分支分为两条主要分支或分成一系列分支。作为唯一跨越单个关节的肌肉，股二头肌短头由两个由纤维方向界定的不同区域组成，每个区域由一条单独的肌肉神经支配。在结构上，每块肌肉在诸如生理横截面积、肌束长度和体积等参数方面存在差异，但通常单个肌肉内的所有分区在肌束长度方面相似。这些肌肉的长近端和远端肌腱延伸至肌腹，从而形成细长的肌-腱连接。
