Acrylamide (ACR) is a known industrial neurotoxic chemical. Evidence suggests that ACR neurotoxic effect is related to brain neurotransmission disturbances. Since nitric oxide (NO) acts as a neurotransmission modulator and is produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the neuronal NOS (nNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) expression pattern were determined in rat cerebral cortex and striatum after subchronic exposure to ACR. Using immunocytochemistry, the neuronal count of nNOS or optical density of iNOS from sections at three coronal levels, bregma 1.0, -0.4, and -2.3 mm, were compared between ACR-treated and control rats. At all three levels, nNOS expressions were uniformly decreased in most of the neocortical subregions following the treatment of ACR. At bregma level 1.0 mm, total numbers of nNOS expressing neurons were significantly decreased to 58.7% and 64.7% of the control in the cortex and striatum of ACR-treated rats, respectively. However, at the bregma level -2.3 mm, ACR treatment did not produce a significant difference in the numbers of nNOS expressing neurons both in the cortex and striatum. Contrary to nNOS, iNOS expressions were consistently increased to approximately 32% in the neocortex and 25% in the striatum, following the subchronic ACR treatment. These data suggest that subchronic ACR exposure involves compensatory mechanism on nNOS and iNOS expression to maintain the homeostasis of NO at the rostral part of the neocortex and the striatum. However, in the caudal brain, increased iNOS expression did not suppress nNOS expression. Therefore, the present study is consistent with the hypothesis that ACR toxicity is mediated through the disturbance to the NO signaling pathway and exhibits a rostrocaudal difference through the differential expressions of nNOS and iNOS in the neocortex and the striatum.