Kou Changlin, Ju Xiaotang, Zhang Fusuo
Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition MOA, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.
Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2005 Apr;16(4):660-7.
Selecting three main intensive cropping systems of North China, i.e., wheat-maize rotation, plastic greenhouse vegetable, and apple orchard as test objectives, this paper studied their nitrogen (N) budget, soil nitrate-N accumulation, and year-round dynamics of groundwater nitrate-N concentration. The results showed that in plastic greenhouse vegetable cropping system, the annual N input from chemical fertilizers, manure, and irrigation was 1358, 1881 and 402 kg x hm(-2), being 2.5, 37.5 and 83.8 folds of the corresponding items in wheat-maize cropping system, and 2.1, 10.4 and 68.2 folds in orchard, respectively, and its total N input amounted to 3656 kg x hm(-2), being 5.8 times of the wheat-maize cropping system, and 4.2 times of the orchard. The wet deposition N in the three cropping systems ranged from 14.2 kg x hm(-2) to 18.9 kg x hm(-2). The N output by wheat-maize, greenhouse vegetable and orchard was 280,329 and 121 kg x hm(-2), the N surplus was 349, 3327 and 746 kg x hm(-2), and the remained nitrate-N after harvest amounted to 221-275, 1173 and 613 kg x hm(-2) in 0-90 cm soil layer, and 213-242, 1032 and 976 kg x hm(-2) in 90-180 cm soil layer, respectively. Crop field had a comparatively even distribution of nitrate N in its 0-180 cm soil profile, and a sharp increase of nitrate N throughout the soil profile were found in both greenhouse vegetable and orchard fields. There was an evident nitrate leaching in all three cropping systems. The groundwater in shallow well (< 15 m) was severely contaminated in greenhouse vegetable area, with the nitrate-N concentration in 99% of the samples exceeding the maximum permissible limit for drinking water (10 mg x L(-1)), while 5% of the samples in deep well in vegetable area and in shallow well in orchard and 1% of the samples in deep well in wheat-maize field were exceeded the limit. The nitrate-N concentration exponentially decreased with well depth (m) in greenhouse vegetable area.
选取华北地区三种主要的集约种植系统，即小麦-玉米轮作、塑料大棚蔬菜和苹果园作为试验对象，研究了它们的氮素平衡、土壤硝态氮积累以及地下水中硝态氮浓度的全年动态变化。结果表明，在塑料大棚蔬菜种植系统中，化肥、有机肥和灌溉的年氮输入量分别为1358、1881和402 kg·hm⁻²，分别是小麦-玉米种植系统相应项目的2.5倍、37.5倍和83.8倍，是果园的2.1倍、10.4倍和68.2倍，其总氮输入量达3656 kg·hm⁻²，是小麦-玉米种植系统的5.8倍，果园的4.2倍。三种种植系统中的湿沉降氮含量在14.2 kg·hm⁻²至18.9 kg·hm⁻²之间。小麦-玉米、大棚蔬菜和果园的氮输出量分别为280、329和121 kg·hm⁻²，氮盈余分别为349、3327和746 kg·hm⁻²，收获后0-90 cm土层中残留的硝态氮分别为221-275、1173和613 kg·hm⁻²，90-180 cm土层中分别为213-242、1032和976 kg·hm⁻²。农田0-180 cm土壤剖面中硝态氮分布相对均匀，而大棚蔬菜地和果园地整个土壤剖面中的硝态氮均急剧增加。三种种植系统均存在明显的硝态氮淋溶现象。塑料大棚蔬菜区浅井（<15 m）中的地下水受到严重污染，99%的样品中硝态氮浓度超过饮用水最大允许限值（10 mg·L⁻¹），而蔬菜区深井中5%的样品、果园浅井中5%的样品以及小麦-玉米田深井中1%的样品超过限值。塑料大棚蔬菜区硝态氮浓度随井深（m）呈指数下降。
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