de Kloet Rolf S, de Kloet Siwo R
Animal Genetics Inc., Tallahassee, FL 32312, USA.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2005 Sep;36(3):706-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.013.
The Psittaciformes (parrots, parakeets) are among the most widely held captive birds. Yet, their evolution and their phylogenetic relationships have been relatively little studied. This paper describes the phylogenetic relationships between a number of Psittaciformes as derived from the sequences of the third intron of the Z-chromosomal and W-chromosomal spindlin genes. The Z-chromosomal sequences of the kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), the kea (Nestor notabilis), and the kaka (Nestor meridionalis) from New Zealand form a cluster which is the sister group to all other Psittaciformes. The results show further that the Z-chromosomal sequences of the other species can be divided into two groups based on the occurrence of a sequence element ACCCT. The group with the insert (A) is mainly from species with an Australasian geographical distribution and includes such species as the Lories (Lorius, etc.), the budgerigar (Melospittacus undulatus), and the rosellas (Platycercus). It also includes the African lovebirds (Agapornidae), which are the only representative of group A outside Australasia. Group B, without the insert, includes the neotropical parrots and parakeets such as the amazons (Amazona, etc.), the macaws (Ara, etc.), and the conures (Aratinga, etc.), the Australian Cacatuini and the African species such as the African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) as well as Coracopsis vasa from Madagascar and Psittrichas fulgidus from New Guinea. The W-chromosomal sequence data show that another division of the Psittacidae is found in the replacement of a pyrimidine-rich segment occurring in many non-psittacines as well as the kakapo (S. habroptilus), the kea (N. notabilis), the kaka (N. meridionalis), and the Cacatuini by a microsatellite consisting of a variable number of TATTA monomers in the other Psittaciformes. The results support a Gondwanan origin of the Psittaciformes and the suggestion that paleogeographic events were a major force in psittacine divergence.
鹦形目（鹦鹉、长尾小鹦鹉）是饲养最为广泛的笼养鸟类之一。然而，它们的进化及其系统发育关系相对较少受到研究。本文描述了从Z染色体和W染色体纺锤体基因的第三个内含子序列推导得出的一些鹦形目鸟类之间的系统发育关系。来自新西兰的鸮鹦鹉（Strigops habroptilus）、啄羊鹦鹉（Nestor notabilis）和卡卡鹦鹉（Nestor meridionalis）的Z染色体序列形成一个聚类，是所有其他鹦形目鸟类的姐妹群。结果还表明，其他物种的Z染色体序列可根据序列元件ACCCT的出现情况分为两组。有插入序列（A）的一组主要来自分布于澳大拉西亚地区的物种，包括吸蜜鹦鹉（Lorius等）、虎皮鹦鹉（Melospittacus undulatus）和玫瑰鹦鹉（Platycercus）等物种。它还包括非洲情侣鹦鹉（Agapornidae），这是澳大拉西亚地区以外A组的唯一代表。没有插入序列的B组包括新热带鹦鹉和长尾小鹦鹉，如亚马逊鹦鹉（Amazona等）、金刚鹦鹉（Ara等）和锥尾鹦鹉（Aratinga等）、澳大利亚凤头鹦鹉科以及非洲物种，如非洲灰鹦鹉（Psittacus erithacus），还有来自马达加斯加的马岛鹦鹉（Coracopsis vasa）和来自新几内亚的华丽吸蜜鹦鹉（Psittrichas fulgidus）。W染色体序列数据表明，鹦鹉科的另一个分类见于许多非鹦鹉类以及鸮鹦鹉（S. habroptilus）、啄羊鹦鹉（N. notabilis）、卡卡鹦鹉（N. meridionalis）和凤头鹦鹉科中富含嘧啶的片段被其他鹦形目鸟类中由可变数量的TATTA单体组成的微卫星所取代。这些结果支持鹦形目起源于冈瓦纳大陆的观点，以及古地理事件是鹦鹉类分化的主要驱动力这一推测。
