Kobayashi Scott D, Voyich Jovanka M, Burlak Christopher, DeLeo Frank R
Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2005 Nov-Dec;53(6):505-17.
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or neutrophils) are an essential component of the human innate immune system. Circulating neutrophils are rapidly recruited to sites of infection by host- and/or pathogen-derived components, which also prime these host cells for enhanced microbicidal activity. PMNs bind and ingest microorganisms by a process known as phagocytosis, which typically triggers production of reactive oxygen species and the fusion of cytoplasmic granules with pathogen-containing vacuoles. The combination of neutrophil reactive oxygen species and granule components is highly effective in killing most bacteria and fungi. Inasmuch as PMNs are the most abundant type of leukocyte in humans and contain an arsenal of cytotoxic compounds that are non-specific, neutrophil homeostasis must be highly regulated. To that end, constitutive PMN turnover is regulated by apoptosis, a process whereby these cells shut down and are removed safely by macrophages. Notably, apoptosis is accelerated following phagocytosis of bacteria, a process that appears important for the resolution of infection and inflammation. This review provides a general overview of the role of human neutrophils in the innate host response to infection and summarizes some of the recent advances in neutrophil biology.
多形核白细胞（PMNs或中性粒细胞）是人类先天免疫系统的重要组成部分。循环中的中性粒细胞会被宿主和/或病原体衍生的成分迅速招募到感染部位，这些成分还会使这些宿主细胞做好准备，以增强其杀菌活性。中性粒细胞通过一种称为吞噬作用的过程结合并摄取微生物，这通常会触发活性氧的产生以及细胞质颗粒与含病原体液泡的融合。中性粒细胞活性氧和颗粒成分的结合在杀死大多数细菌和真菌方面非常有效。由于中性粒细胞是人类中最丰富的白细胞类型，并且含有一系列非特异性的细胞毒性化合物，因此中性粒细胞的稳态必须受到高度调节。为此，组成性中性粒细胞更新由凋亡调节，通过这个过程，这些细胞会关闭并被巨噬细胞安全清除。值得注意的是，在吞噬细菌后凋亡会加速，这一过程对于感染和炎症的消退似乎很重要。本综述概述了人类中性粒细胞在先天宿主对感染的反应中的作用，并总结了中性粒细胞生物学的一些最新进展。
