The scope of the article is to provide the state of the art concerning the utilization of Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) materials in polymer nanocomposite and to enlight their potential application and even advantage in comparison to smectite-type materials. A particular attention is paid on the synthetic procedures for the elaboration of polymer nanocomposite taking poly(styrene), poly(imide), poly(methylmethacrylate) and epoxy resin as examples. Lipophilization of the inorganic platelets used to decrease the surface polarity may be achieved either with a surfactant molecule or a surfactant monomer molecule, giving rise to reactive hybrid filler. The state of dispersion of the inorganic platelets, i.e., intercalated versus exfoliated structure is discussed. LDH-based nanocomposites present mechanical properties, such as the tensile modulus and elongation at break, always greater in comparison to virgin polymer, but also compete well with smectite-type filler. For epoxy nanocomposite, the relative gain using LDH nanofiller is superior to smectite-type filler. In both types of nanocomposites using either LDH or smectite-type nanofiller, mixed intercalated-exfoliated structure is generally met. Dispersion of LDH nanoplatelets should emerge well as flame-retardant materials and as polymer electrolyte, but may also find application in topical domains such as in sun radiation absorption.