Kerr B J, Ziemer C J, Trabue S L, Crouse J D, Parkin T B
Swine Odor and Manure Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50011-3310, USA.
J Anim Sci. 2006 Jun;84(6):1584-92. doi: 10.2527/2006.8461584x.
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of reducing dietary CP and increasing dietary cellulose concentrations on manure DM, C, N, S, VFA, indole, and phenol concentrations. Twenty-two pigs (105 kg initial BW) were fed diets containing either 14.5 or 12.0% CP, in combination with either 2.5 or 8.7% cellulose. Pigs were fed twice daily over the 56-d study, with feed intake averaging 2.74 kg/d. Feces and urine were collected after each feeding and added to the manure storage containers. Manure storage containers were designed to provide a similar unit area per animal as found in industry (7,393 cm2). Before sampling on d 56, the manure was gently stirred to obtain a representative sample for subsequent analyses. An interaction of dietary CP and cellulose was observed for manure acetic acid concentration, in that decreasing CP lowered acetic acid in pigs fed standard levels of cellulose but increased acetic acid in pigs fed greater levels of cellulose (P = 0.03). No other interactions were noted. Decreasing dietary CP reduced manure pH (P = 0.01), NH4 (P = 0.01), isovaleric acid (P = 0.06), phenol (P = 0.05), and 4-ethyl phenol (P = 0.02) concentrations. Increasing dietary cellulose decreased pH (P = 0.01) and NH4 (P = 0.07) concentration but increased manure C (P = 0.03), propionic acid (P = 0.01), butyric acid (P = 0.03), and cresol (P = 0.09) concentrations in the manure. Increasing dietary cellulose also increased manure DM (P = 0.11), N (P = 0.11), and C (P = 0.02) contents as a percentage of nutrient intake. Neither cellulose nor CP level of the diet affected manure S composition or output as a percentage of S intake. Headspace N2O concentration was increased by decreasing dietary CP (P = 0.03) or by increasing dietary cellulose (P = 0.05). Neither dietary CP nor cellulose affected headspace concentration of CH4. This study demonstrates that diets differing in CP and cellulose content can significantly impact manure composition and concentrations of VFA, phenol, and indole, and headspace concentrations of N(2)O, which may thereby affect the environmental impact of livestock production on soil, air, and water.
进行了一项实验，以研究降低日粮粗蛋白（CP）水平和提高日粮纤维素浓度对粪便干物质（DM）、碳（C）、氮（N）、硫（S）、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、吲哚和苯酚浓度的影响。选用22头初始体重为105千克的猪，分别饲喂粗蛋白含量为14.5%或12.0%且纤维素含量为2.5%或8.7%的日粮。在为期56天的研究中，猪每天饲喂两次，平均采食量为2.74千克/天。每次喂食后收集粪便和尿液，并添加到粪便储存容器中。粪便储存容器的设计旨在为每头动物提供与工业生产中相似的单位面积（7393平方厘米）。在第56天采样前，轻轻搅拌粪便以获得用于后续分析的代表性样本。观察到日粮粗蛋白和纤维素对粪便乙酸浓度存在交互作用，即降低粗蛋白水平会使饲喂标准纤维素水平的猪的乙酸含量降低，但会使饲喂较高纤维素水平的猪的乙酸含量增加（P = 0.03）。未发现其他交互作用。降低日粮粗蛋白水平会降低粪便pH值（P = 0.01）、铵（NH4）含量（P = 0.01）、异戊酸含量（P = 0.06）、苯酚含量（P = 0.05）和4-乙基苯酚含量（P = 0.02）。提高日粮纤维素水平会降低pH值（P = 0.01）和铵含量（P = 0.07），但会增加粪便中的碳含量（P = 0.03）、丙酸含量（P = 0.01）、丁酸含量（P = 0.03）和甲酚含量（P = 0.09）。提高日粮纤维素水平还会增加粪便干物质含量（P = 0.11）、氮含量（P = 0.11）和碳含量（占养分摄入量的百分比，P = 0.02）。日粮中的纤维素水平和粗蛋白水平均不影响粪便中硫的组成或硫摄入量的输出百分比。降低日粮粗蛋白水平（P = 0.03）或提高日粮纤维素水平（P = 0.05）会增加顶空一氧化二氮（N2O）浓度。日粮粗蛋白水平和纤维素水平均不影响甲烷（CH4）的顶空浓度。本研究表明，粗蛋白和纤维素含量不同的日粮会显著影响粪便组成、挥发性脂肪酸、苯酚和吲哚的浓度以及一氧化二氮的顶空浓度，从而可能影响畜牧生产对土壤、空气和水的环境影响。
