[Evidence-based medicine and vesicoureteral reflux].

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) remains one of the most controversial subjects in paediatric urology. Much literature has been published on VUR, making the understanding of this anomaly and its treatments quite opaque. Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) should be helpful to clarify the various VUR approaches contained in the 6224 titles found on Medline using the keywords "vesicoureteral reflux" and "vesicoureteric reflux". These articles were critically reviewed and graded according to EBM scorings, with regard to their methodological designs. This review of VUR literature suggests that most of our knowledge is based on publications with a low level of evidence, and that EBM lacks arguments to support recommendations for VUR diagnostic and treatment. It appears yet that antenatal dilatation of the urinary tract and symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTI) justify VUR screening. Surgery should be discussed in recurrent UTIs or deterioration of renal function. There is no consensus in case of persistent asymptomatic VUR regarding indication and duration of antibio-prophylaxis, and selection of radical treatment.