Jain Sanyog, Vyas S P
Division of Radiopharmaceuticals and Nano Tech, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defense Research and Development Organization, Timarpur, Delhi, India.
J Liposome Res. 2006;16(4):331-45. doi: 10.1080/08982100600992302.
The aim of the present study was to develop mannosylated niosomes as oral vaccine delivery carrier and adjuvant for the induction of humoral, cellular, and mucosal immunity. Tetanus toxoid (TT) loaded niosomes composed of sorbiton monostearate (Span 60), cholesterol, and stearylamine were prepared by the reverse-phase evaporation method. They were coated with a modified polysaccharide o-palmitoyl mannan (OPM) to protect them from bile salts caused dissolution and enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and to enhance their affinity toward the antigen presenting cells of Peyer's patches. Prepared niosomes were characterized in vitro for their size, shape, entrapment efficiency, ligand binding specificity, and stability in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid. OPM-coated niosomes were found to more stable in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The immune stimulating activity was studied by measuring serum IgG titer, IgG2a/IgG1 ratio in serum, and sIgA levels in intestinal and salivary secretions following oral administration of niosomal formulations in albino rats. The results were compared with alum-adsorbed TT following oral and intramuscular administration, and it was observed that OPM-coated niosomes produced better IgG levels as compared to plain uncoated niosomes and alum-adsorbed TT upon oral administration. Oral niosomes also elicited a significant mucosal immune response (sIgA levels in mucosal secretions). The developed formulations also elicited a combined serum IgG2a/IgG1 response, suggesting that they were capable of eliciting both humoral and cellular response. The study signifies the potential of OPM-coated niosomes as an oral vaccine delivery carrier and adjuvant. The proposed system is simple, stable, and cost-effective and may be clinically acceptable.
本研究的目的是开发甘露糖基化脂质体作为口服疫苗递送载体和佐剂,用于诱导体液免疫、细胞免疫和黏膜免疫。采用逆相蒸发法制备了负载破伤风类毒素(TT)的脂质体,其由单硬脂酸山梨醇酯(司盘60)、胆固醇和硬脂胺组成。用修饰的多糖邻棕榈酰甘露聚糖(OPM)对其进行包被,以保护它们免受胆汁盐引起的溶解以及胃肠道中的酶降解,并增强它们对派尔集合淋巴结抗原呈递细胞的亲和力。对制备的脂质体进行体外表征,检测其大小、形状、包封率、配体结合特异性以及在模拟胃液和模拟肠液中的稳定性。发现OPM包被的脂质体在模拟胃肠道条件下更稳定。通过测量白化大鼠口服脂质体制剂后血清IgG滴度、血清中IgG2a/IgG1比值以及肠道和唾液分泌物中的分泌型IgA水平,研究免疫刺激活性。将结果与口服和肌内注射明矾吸附的TT后的结果进行比较,观察到口服给药时,与未包被的普通脂质体和明矾吸附的TT相比,OPM包被的脂质体产生了更高的IgG水平。口服脂质体还引发了显著的黏膜免疫反应(黏膜分泌物中的分泌型IgA水平)。所开发的制剂还引发了血清IgG2a/IgG1的联合反应,表明它们能够引发体液免疫和细胞免疫反应。该研究表明OPM包被的脂质体作为口服疫苗递送载体和佐剂具有潜力。所提出的系统简单、稳定且具有成本效益,可能在临床上被接受。