Li-Grining Christine P
Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
Dev Psychol. 2007 Jan;43(1):208-21. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.1.208.
Existing developmental models of effortful control focus more on the roles of child characteristics and parenting and focus less on the contributions of poverty-related stressors to individual differences in children's self-regulatory competence. Using a representative sample of low-income, predominantly African American and Latino children (n = 439), the author examined effortful control at ages 2-4 and again 16 months later. Delayed gratification showed moderate stability and improvement over time. Risk factors were associated with individual differences in these developmental patterns, net of child age, gender, temperament, and child-mother connectedness. Low birth weight compromised preschoolers' delayed gratification and executive control. Exposure to more sociodemographic and residential stressors jeopardized children's executive control but did not jeopardize delayed gratification.
现有的努力控制发展模型更多地关注儿童特征和养育方式的作用，而较少关注与贫困相关的压力源对儿童自我调节能力个体差异的影响。作者使用了一个以低收入、主要为非裔美国人和拉丁裔儿童为主的代表性样本（n = 439），在2至4岁时对努力控制进行了考察，并在16个月后再次进行考察。延迟满足随着时间的推移表现出适度的稳定性和改善。在排除儿童年龄、性别、气质和儿童与母亲的亲密关系等因素后，风险因素与这些发展模式中的个体差异相关。低出生体重会影响学龄前儿童的延迟满足和执行控制。接触更多社会人口统计学和居住方面的压力源会危及儿童的执行控制，但不会危及延迟满足。
