Tavana H, Neumann A W
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8.
Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2007 Mar 28;132(1):1-32. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2006.11.024. Epub 2007 Jan 11.
Advancing contact angles of different liquids measured on the same solid surface fall very close to a smooth curve when plotted as a function of liquid surface tension, i.e., gamma(lv)costheta versus gamma(lv). Changing the solid surface, and hence gamma(sv), shifts the curve in a regular manner. These patterns suggest that gamma(lv)costheta depends only on gamma(lv) and gamma(sv). Thus, an "equation of state for the interfacial tensions" was developed to facilitate the determination of solid surface tensions from contact angles in conjunction with Young's equation. However, a close examination of the smooth curves showed that contact angles typically show a scatter of 1-3 degrees around the curves. The existence of the deviations introduces an element of uncertainty in the determination of solid surface tensions. Establishing that (i) contact angles are exclusively a material property of the coating polymer and do not depend on experimental procedures and that (ii) contact angle measurements with a sophisticated methodology, axisymmetric drop shape analysis (ADSA), are highly reproducible guarantees that the deviations are not experimental errors and must have physical causes. The contact angles of a large number of liquids on the films of four different fluoropolymers were studied to identify the causes of the deviations. Specific molecular interactions at solid-vapor and/or solid-liquid interfaces account for the minor contact angle deviations. Such interactions take place in different ways. Adsorption of vapor of the test liquid onto the solid surface is apparently the only process that influences the solid-vapor interfacial tension (gamma(sv)). The molecular interactions taking place at the solid-liquid interface are more diverse and complicated. Parallel alignment of liquid molecules at the solid surface, reorganization of liquid molecules at the solid-liquid interface, change in the configuration of polymer chains due to contact with certain probe liquids, and intermolecular interactions between solid and liquid molecules cause the solid-liquid interfacial (gamma(sl)) tension to be different from that predicted by the equation of state, i.e., gamma(sl) is not a precise function of gamma(lv) and gamma(sv). In other words, the experimental contact angles deviate from the "ideal" contact angle pattern. Specific criteria are proposed to identify probe liquids which eliminate specific molecular interactions. Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (DMCPS) are shown to meet those criteria, and therefore are the most suitable liquids to characterize surface tensions of low energy fluoropolymer films with an accuracy of +/-0.2 mJ/m2.
当以液体表面张力(即γ(lv)cosθ对γ(lv))为函数绘制时,在同一固体表面上测量的不同液体的前进接触角非常接近一条平滑曲线。改变固体表面,进而改变γ(sv),会使曲线以规则的方式移动。这些模式表明γ(lv)cosθ仅取决于γ(lv)和γ(sv)。因此,开发了一种“界面张力状态方程”,以便结合杨氏方程从接触角确定固体表面张力。然而,对平滑曲线的仔细检查表明,接触角通常在曲线周围有1 - 3度的分散。这些偏差的存在给固体表面张力的测定带来了不确定性因素。确定(i)接触角完全是涂层聚合物的材料特性,不依赖于实验程序,以及(ii)使用复杂方法轴对称滴形分析(ADSA)进行的接触角测量具有高度可重复性,保证了这些偏差不是实验误差,必然有物理原因。研究了四种不同含氟聚合物薄膜上大量液体的接触角,以确定偏差的原因。固 - 气和/或固 - 液界面处的特定分子相互作用导致了较小的接触角偏差。这种相互作用以不同方式发生。测试液体的蒸汽吸附到固体表面显然是影响固 - 气界面张力(γ(sv))的唯一过程。在固 - 液界面发生的分子相互作用更加多样和复杂。液体分子在固体表面的平行排列、固 - 液界面处液体分子的重组、由于与某些探针液体接触导致聚合物链构型的变化以及固 - 液分子之间的分子相互作用,使得固 - 液界面张力(γ(sl))不同于状态方程预测的值,即γ(sl)不是γ(lv)和γ(sv)的精确函数。换句话说,实验接触角偏离了“理想”接触角模式。提出了具体标准来识别消除特定分子相互作用的探针液体。八甲基环四硅氧烷(OMCTS)和十甲基环五硅氧烷(DMCPS)被证明符合这些标准,因此是最适合以±0.2 mJ/m²的精度表征低能含氟聚合物薄膜表面张力的液体。