Burbidge Geoffrey
University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0404, La Jolla, CA 92093-0404, USA.
Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2007 May 15;365(1854):1357-61. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2006.1969.
The similarity of the absorption spectra of gamma-ray burst (GRB) sources or afterglows with the absorption spectra of quasars (QSOs) suggests that QSOs and GRB sources are very closely related. Since most people believe that the redshifts of QSOs are of cosmological origin, it is natural to assume that GRBs or their afterglows also have cosmological redshifts. For some years a few of us have argued that there is much optical evidence suggesting a very different model for QSOs, in which their redshifts have a non-cosmological origin, and are ejected from low-redshift active galaxies. In this paper I extend these ideas to GRBs. In 2003, Burbidge (Burbidge 2003 Astrophys. J. 183, 112-120) showed that the redshift periodicity in the spectra of QSOs appears in the redshift of GRBs. This in turn means that both the QSOs and the GRB sources are similar objects ejected from comparatively low-redshift active galaxies. It is now clear that many of the GRBs of low redshift do appear in, or very near, active galaxies.A new and powerful result supporting this hypothesis has been produced by Prochter et al. (Prochter et al. 2006 Astrophys. J. Lett. 648, L93-L96). They show that in a survey for strong MgII absorption systems along the sightlines to long-duration GRBs, nearly every sightline shows at least one absorber. If the absorbers are intervening clouds or galaxies, only a small fraction should show absorption of this kind. The number found by Prochter et al. is four times higher than that normally found for the MgII absorption spectra of QSOs. They believe that this result is inconsistent with the intervening hypothesis and would require a statistical fluctuation greater than 99.1% probability. This is what we expect if the absorption is intrinsic to the GRBs and the redshifts are not associated with their distances. In this case, the absorption must be associated with gas ejected from the QSO. This in turn implies that the GRBs actually originate in comparatively low-redshift active galaxies and are ejected in the same way as are the QSOs. This relates these phenomena to a supernova origin for the GRBs. The current situation based on the latest observational data will be discussed.
伽马射线暴（GRB）源或其余晖的吸收光谱与类星体（QSO）的吸收光谱相似，这表明QSO和GRB源密切相关。由于大多数人认为QSO的红移具有宇宙学起源，自然而然会假设GRB或其余晖也具有宇宙学红移。多年来，我们中的一些人一直认为，有许多光学证据表明QSO存在一种截然不同的模型，其中它们的红移具有非宇宙学起源，并且是从低红移活动星系中喷射出来的。在本文中，我将这些观点扩展到GRB。2003年，伯比奇（Burbidge 2003 Astrophys. J. 183, 112 - 120）表明，QSO光谱中的红移周期性出现在GRB的红移中。这反过来意味着QSO和GRB源都是从相对低红移的活动星系中喷射出来的类似天体。现在很清楚，许多低红移的GRB确实出现在活动星系中或非常靠近活动星系的地方。普罗克特等人（Prochter et al. 2006 Astrophys. J. Lett. 648, L93 - L96）得出了一个支持这一假设的新的有力结果。他们表明，在一项针对沿长持续时间GRB视线方向的强MgII吸收系统的调查中，几乎每条视线都至少显示出一个吸收体。如果这些吸收体是居间云或星系，那么只有一小部分会显示出这种吸收。普罗克特等人发现的数量比QSO的MgII吸收光谱中通常发现的数量高出四倍。他们认为这个结果与居间假设不一致，并且需要一个概率大于99.1%的统计涨落。如果吸收是GRB固有的，并且红移与它们的距离无关，这正是我们所预期的。在这种情况下，吸收一定与从QSO喷射出的气体有关。这反过来意味着GRB实际上起源于相对低红移的活动星系，并且与QSO以相同的方式被喷射出来。这将这些现象与GRB的超新星起源联系起来。将基于最新观测数据讨论当前的情况。
