Manning John T, Churchill Andrew J G, Peters Michael
Department of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
Arch Sex Behav. 2007 Apr;36(2):223-33. doi: 10.1007/s10508-007-9171-6.
We used self-reported direct finger measurements from 255,116 participants in a BBC Internet survey to investigate the measurement of 2D:4D ratios and their association with sex, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. We found significant sex differences such that males had lower 2D:4D than females and the effect size of the sex differences was greatest for right hand 2D:4D. Mean 2D:4D was lower for right hands than for left hands in men, but lower for left hands compared to right hands in women. The sexual dimorphism in 2D:4D was present across ethnic and country groupings, suggesting that it is universal in humans. However, there was also evidence that mean 2D:4D varied across ethnic groups with higher ratios for Whites, Non-Chinese Asians, and Mid-Easterners and lower ratios in Chinese and Black samples. There were significant differences in 2D:4D across sexual orientation groups but these were confined to men. Male homosexuals and bisexuals had higher mean 2D:4D (suggesting exposure to lower prenatal T) than heterosexuals. The effect was present in Whites, but there was no evidence for the pattern among Black and Chinese participants. In women, there were no significant effects of sexual orientation on 2D:4D. Most studies of sexual orientation effects on 2D:4D have measured finger length from photocopies of the hands. In comparison, our self-reported measures gave higher mean 2D:4D, lower effect sizes, and, in some instances, different patterns of effect size. The implications of our findings for future research into 2D:4D are discussed.
我们利用英国广播公司互联网调查中255116名参与者的自我报告直接手指测量数据，来研究2D:4D比值的测量及其与性别、种族和性取向的关联。我们发现了显著的性别差异，男性的2D:4D低于女性，且性别差异的效应量在右手2D:4D中最大。男性右手的平均2D:4D低于左手，但女性左手的平均2D:4D低于右手。2D:4D的性别二态性在不同种族和国家群体中均存在，这表明它在人类中具有普遍性。然而，也有证据表明，不同种族群体的平均2D:4D有所不同，白人、非华裔亚洲人和中东人的比值较高，而中国和黑人样本中的比值较低。不同性取向群体的2D:4D存在显著差异，但这些差异仅限于男性。男同性恋者和双性恋者的平均2D:4D高于异性恋者（表明其在孕期接触的睾酮水平较低）。这种效应在白人中存在，但在黑人和中国参与者中没有发现这种模式。在女性中，性取向对2D:4D没有显著影响。大多数关于性取向对2D:4D影响的研究都是通过手部影印件测量手指长度。相比之下，我们的自我报告测量得出的平均2D:4D更高，效应量更低，在某些情况下，效应量的模式也有所不同。我们讨论了这些发现对未来2D:4D研究的意义。
